The Battle of Stalingrad

General Paulus had moved his headquarters right into the city as we heard last episode, setting them up in the basement of Stalingrad’s department store called Univermag. That was a multi-story building that overlooked the Square of the Fallen Soviet Heroes. By the late afternoon of the 25th January 1943, the Russians had driven a wedge through the middle of the German pocket. At dawn on the 26th January ranks of the 21st Army met up with Rodimtsev’s 13 Guards Rifle Division north of the Mamaev Kurgan, near the Red October workers’ settlements. The scenes were emotional, especially for Chuikov’s 62nd Army which had been fighting on its own for five months. Bottles of Vodka were passed back and forth as usual. The Kessel was now split in two, with Paulus and his senior officers bottled up in the smaller southern pocket and General Streckers 11 corps in the northern part of the city around the Stalingrad Tractor Factory. Strecker had one radio left and had no intention of surrendering. At the central military hospital a mile north of the Univermag, three thousand German wounded lay under a merciless wind that whipped through the building’s shattered walls. There was no medicine so doctors placed the most gravely wounded on the perimeter so they would die first and quickly and then their bodies would shelter the others. Around all four sides of the building was a stack of bodies six feet high a macabre kind of frozen human windbreak. Soldiers who arrived from other sectors earned food by stacking newly dead on top, almost like railway sleepers. There was a quota to stack before the cook splashed watery soup in their outstretched mess tins. Such is life when all around is death. The Russians spotted this infirmary from hell – and decided to mortar the building with incendiaries. The spotters were extremely accurate and the bombs landed directly on the block. As medics screamed to the wounded to run, the flames were fanned by the high winter wind and raced through the hallways. Wounded hobbled away on fire, then lay dying on the snow sizzling.

These are the last days of the men trapped inside the frozen city, starving and out of ammunition. General Paulus had finally realized the futility of trusting Goering and Hitler – far too late for his men. While the initial figure trapped had been close to 250 000, many had died or been taken prisoner – by the 25th January there were more like 100 000 men inside the final tomb of the Sixth Army. The wounded alone numbered more than 20 000 and most were not being treated at all, they lay in the cold until hyperthermia killed them. IF there ever was an advertisement for ending war, the last days of Stalingrad would be the opening and closing scenes. Some of the stories I’m going to relate are beyond comprehension, beyond anything dreamed up by the most creative sadists or the most bloody-minded novelists. There is something of the inhuman, the monster, about this saga. After Pitomnik Airfield had been abandoned by the Germans, great suffering took place. The wounded had been concentrated there awaiting airlifts but those who could not walk or missed the last truck out of the airfield. The Red Army was upon them. A single doctor and medical orderly joined them. Most of these would be killed by the Russians out of hand. An eye for an eye. The rest limped or crawled away, others were placed in large sledges and dragged behind the few trucks that had a few litres of fuel. All were on their way to Gumrak Airfield which was a scant eight miles east through the ice and snow. Then the clouds cleared at times, blinding the men, at night the shadows turned steel blue while the sun itself set in an abnormal orange glow. It was as though they had already arrived at Hades with the conditions of a nightmare prevailing. The condition of all the men, not just the wounded, was pitiful in the extreme. Their hands, feet and faces frostbitten, lips cracked open, faces pale and waxy and corpse-like. Hundreds slumped in the snow never to rise again. As they died, others would strip them as frozen corpses were impossible to undress. And of course, stalking these dying figures were the Russians. A soviet journalist by the name of Grossman who I mentioned before was in the vanguard of the units approaching Pitomnik. “There are frozen Germans their bodies undamaged along the road we follow. It wasn’t us who killed them, it was the cold. They have bad boots and bad coats. Their tunics are thin and look like paper..” The crows circled then landed and then pecked out the eyes of the corpses as Grossman watched. The Russian infantry approached Pitomnik following the T34s – but just before they arrived Soviet officers were confused by what looked like a village.

The Russians had launched Operation Koltso or Ring on the 10th January which was aimed at ending the saga, but the Germans were still determined to fight on despite running out of ammunition, food and reinforcements. Zhukov’s plan was to punch a hole through the Kessel and to split the Stalingrad city area from those German units out on the Steppe. While they drove the Germans from the nose of the Kessel as we heard last episode, they stalled initially in the main aim of splitting up the pocket. This sounds counter-intuitive doesn’t it? After all, the Sixth Army was on the run eastwards towards the city and scenes of utter chaos were reported across the Steppe. Yet the Russians also found the going difficult at times as German defences were unbroken in some sectors. Many thousands of Germans and Romanians, Italians, Hungarians and other axis troops, fell to the Russians after the 10th January. 25 000 in all. But the number of German prisoners taken by the Russians was actually quite small, around 7 000, the rest of the divisions managed to withdraw to the East. However, other units had disappeared – the German 297th Infantry Division for example which was smashed beyond regrouping. By the early hours of the 11th January a message came through from the German High Command or OKH which demonstrated only too clearly how ignorant they were of conditions in the pocket. “Every possible step,” read the OKH coded message “were to be taken to prevent Pitomkin from falling into Russian hands..” On January 12th, a single Russian T-34 tank had somehow pierced the Pitomnik airfield defences and was ambling about around the runway, firing at will at medical tents, aircraft and men who were running in all directions. Before the Germans could recover, the tank disappeared into the morning mist. The airfield had no chance of fighting off a single tank, as soon as the Russians gathered their force once more to launch a proper assault, it was doomed. At 09h40 on the same day Army Group Radio reported that the enemy had broken through on a wide portion of the line. That night at 7pm Sixth Army reported to Manstein that “deep penetration east of Zybenko more than six kilometers wide. Our own losses were considerable. Resistance of the troops is diminishing quickly because of insufficient ammunition, extreme frost and a lack of coverage against heaviest enemy fire…” Missing from these reports were the number of desertions. German soldiers were running over to the other side in large numbers. Many officers in the field had now lost their will to lead and men had blankets over their heads as they slept in sentry posts. Worse, the mighty Wehrmacht had no tanks to fight off the T-34s.

This is episode 30 and we’re dealing with the events starting in the first week of January 1943, through to the end of the second week. The Sixth Army is surrounded in Stalingrad and faces another major assault planned by the Russians. Before they go ahead, however, Joseph Stalin wants to give the Germans a chance to surrender. There is no escape for the 249 000 men despite their prayers for a miracle and Stalin and Stalin’s generals want done with the Sixth Army so they can focus on the south where the German 1st Panzer Army is trying to escape from the Caucuses. West of the Mamaev Kurgan or hill, at Gumrak Airfield, General Paulus was in his HQ when heard that three Red Army representatives were asking for permission to enter German lines. They had an ultimatum for the Sixth Army. While a rendezvous was called for 10am Moscow Time on January 8th, Paulus refused to attend. But he did send Captain Willig from his HQ. At the appointed hour three Russian parliamentarians walked under white flag into German lines and delivered General Rokossovsky’s offer to the Captain Willig. What was being offered was certainly enticing. Rokossovsky said there would be guarantees of safety to all who ceased to resist, and they would be returned to Germany at the end of the war. The Russians said all personnel could keep their belongings and valuables. But probably the most tempting argument was food. The Germans were starving to death and General Rokossovsky said in his personal message that all officers and men who surrender would immediately receive normal rations. Even if that was true, the Russians had no idea about the exact number of Germans in the Kessel. They estimated it was around 86 000 whereas as we know it was around 249 000. There would not have been enough food available at that very moment to honour the offer of normal rations.

On the 28th December 1942 Joseph Stalin was fuming back in Moscow. There were at least seven Russian armies tied down trying to defeat General Paulus and they had still not taken the city back from the Germans. He was also growing very tired of hearing the mostly exaggerated reports from his field commanders including impossible boasts such as “3 250 tanks captured and 1 800 aircraft destroyed”. The Germans didn’t even have 1 800 in the area, let alone three thousand tanks. Stalin seemed to be aware of these discrepancies. The Russian commanders failed to understand that the boasts would lead to Stalin eventually asking a fundamentally logic question – if so many were being taken prisoner and all their equipment was being destroyed, why hadn’t the Sixth Army surrendered? On the same day that Stalin was pacing about his office, General Vatutin at Soviet Southwest Front headquarters on the upper Don phoned him with news of another overwhelming victory. “The Italian Eighth Army’s entire right wing had melted away,” warbled Vatutin “ .. sixty thousand prisoners and about the same number killed.. stores seized by our forces.. the pitiful remains .. are not putting up any resistance..” Stalin listened to Vatutin who was clearly excited and puffed up. The Russian dictator was more worried about the possibility of a German counter-attack and there were signs already. The main problem was Tatsinkaya airfield, taken by the Russians only four days before and watched by the Luftwaffe 2IC General Martin Fiebig. Last episode we heard how he’d only just managed to make it out flying to Rostov which lay to the South west of Stalingrad. But a Russian armoured column had ended up being trapped at Tatsinskaya airfield by lead elements of the German Panzers rushed from their aborted relief drive towards Stalingrad. The major issue he was facing was in the command structure. Remember there were two generals in charge in the south – Rokossovsky and Yeremenko. Field Marshal Zhukov for once said nothing when Stalin asked “Who gets the assignment?” There was silence a first, then one of those present suggested Lieutenant General Rokossovsky. “Why don’t you say anything?” Stalin prodded Zhukov. He said either general was capable, sitting very firmly on the fence. “Yeremenko’s feelings will be hurt, or course…”

Manstein’s attempted break-in to Stalingrad has ground to a halt. He needs Paulus to push back from the inside and the Sixth Army commander is like a bunny in the headlights – waiting for Adolf Hitler to give him permission. But the Führer has long decided that its death or glory in Stalingrad, no retreat, despite the Sixth Army being surrounded by the Russians after the Operation Uranus success. We concentrated last week on the push to try and dent the iron ring around Paulus and 249 000 Germans trapped in the Kessel. The other battle as historian and secret agent Ronald Seth noted, was the condition of the Germans in the city. They were more fortunate than their comrades in the steppes, at least they had the shelter of broken buildings and the luxury of snugger basements to protect them against the -35º Centigrade arctic winds, the plate-glass ice and the thick silent snow. This was the only advantage however, except for the rats feeding on corpses. The German comforts were two and a half ounces of bread and a pint of muddy water which was described as soup, a sliver of horse-meat if they were lucky. The rats were hunted for their own coarse rancid flesh despite they’d obviously been gorging on dead Germans and Russians. A sick cycle of life based on the dead. How they hung on even now, at Christmas 1942, none could say later. One thing had changed by Christmas, the Russians had slackened off on the pressure inside the city, but only slightly. The Red Army sometimes based in the same house had thick woolen underwear, fleecy-lined felt boots, skin caps with ear muffs, sheepskin lined coats and white camouflage capes with hoods. They merged with the snow and ate their two hot meals a day where ever they were, enough food to keep them warm and quiet and comfortable. They also had their shots of vodka every day to help dissolve depression and chase away the cold. As a military ops paramedic instructor I know that alcohol given to folks who are suffering the effects of exposure is tantamount to shooting them in the head – but it’s a great additive if you’re already warm. The soviet High Command had only reinforced General Chuikov’s 62nd Army in the city in sufficient numbers to prevent the Germans from taking Stalingrad centre. The Sixth Army had been driven back so many times from the shores of the Volga by the Russians it was so superhuman it was supernatural. And by now it was known by the Soviet top brass that Hitler had developed a Stalingrad-complex and that even if his armies on the steppe were destroyed he’d still demand that General Paulus and his troops should fight until the last man dropped dead. That greatly assisted Yeremenko and Zhukov in their strategy and once the vast mass of the Sixth Army was surrounded, both turned their attentions back to the city once more.

General Hoths’ 6th Panzer division is about to roll into Myshkova where he would be joined by the 17th Panzer Division. They had started Operation Winter Storm on the 12th December in a last ditch push to save the Sixth Army trapped in Stalingrad and by the 14th had made good progress. The Russian force guarding the approach route was the 51st Army but it had been reduced to about half its strength since the break-through in November where they’d been part of the Red Army that had enveloped General Paulus and at least 200 000 men inside the Kessel – to the west of Stalingrad. He was surrounded and Field Marshal Manstein was trying to help him break out by breaking in. The problem was, Manstein had no means of knowing what was in Paulus’ mind. At some point he hoped the trapped General would order the Sixth Army to move towards him and crush the Russians between their two pinces, allowing, hopefully most of the Germans to escape West. But Paulus was awaiting Hitler’s order – and Hitler was determined the Sixth Army was going nowhere. So by the 14th the Panzers were making good progress = the ground was hard and although tanks slip and slid, it wasn’t the cruel thick mud they were facing but sub-zero conditions which made the going easier. At first sight the steppe to the south west of the Kessel appeared flat, but that was deceptive. It was criss-crossed by a network of both deep and shallow gullies, a bit like the wadis of north Africa, or part of the veld in South Africa. The snow had drifted into these gullies and the Russians were lying in wait here. Sometimes up to a battalion in strength and with a full component of heavy weapons. The Russian cavalry kept its horses in these gullies during the day, sheltered from the freezing winds and rode out at night when the air was still to harass the German flanks along with mortar and machine-gun fire. At times, most likely at night or at dawn, isolated groups of T-34s would attack the columns forcing a halt for a few hours. The sky was iron-grey and the overcast ceiling was five hundred feet, effectively grounding von Richthofen’s Luftwaffe. In the rear of this approaching army were the engineers struggling to keep up – it was a soft tail of around 800 trucks, lagging behind its armoured carapace as historian Alan Clarke put it. After four days of fighting Manstein’s soldiers were still on the way to Stalingrad but the attack slowed to a snail’s pace. Around the village of Sogotskot for example, the 6th Panzer had been forced turn west in an attempt to out-flank the enemy. The Russians had prepared a vast network of rifle pits that made it impossible for the tanks to advance. After point-blank firing into these pits, panzers were put to flight by T-34s which arrived at twilight. On the 16th December a hard and bitter wind began to blow from the north east. Everything was rimmed with frost, telegraph lines, stunted trees, the debris of war, corpses, burned out tanks, shattered trucks, horse carcasses. The ground froze so hard that footsteps began to sound like soldiers were walking on metal. The sunset that night was described as intensely beautiful, a vivid red while the white landscape turned a kind of arctic blue. IN Stalingrad late that afternoon every Russian along the Volga shore that day had heard a wonderous sound – a crashing noise that led to 62nd Army commander Vassili Chuikov bolting from his cave to witness a glorious sight. An enormous wave of ice was pushing down past Zaitsevski Island, smashing everything in its path.

This is episode 26 and Field Marshal Manstein is saddling up with a view to saving the Sixth Army and General Paulus trapped inside the Kessel or cauldron in an operation called Winter Storm. Russian General Zhukov has a surprise of his own and its called Operation little Saturn. With all these operations going on, we’ll need to do a little historical surgery to make sure it’s not too confusing. What was apparent to Field Marshal Manstein as he took charge of the remnants of the Axis forces outside the Kessel was that there were none capable of serious resistance if the Russians decided to change direction and focus their attention westwards instead of the trapped Sixth Army. Still more perilous was the situation in the south towards the Sea of Azov and across the communications of the extended Army Group A. The notion of “recapturing positions previously held by us” which was Hitler’s order was an absurdity. The German units outside the Kessel were little more than the fighting strength of a corps, and they were spread over two hundred miles. Manstein’s first task was to collect sufficient strength to give him tactical options. The disorganized state of the railway system and the fact that Partisan activity had made large stretches of the line unusable prolonged any journey. By now the Russians had moved 34 divisions across the Don River – twelve from Beketonskaya bridgehead and 22 divisions from Kremenskaya. The 48th panzer corps had been defeated by Russian tank units, and now the Red Army infantry turned eastwards and began building an iron-clad ring around the trapped Sixth Army.

Already Field Marshal Manstein is planning to use the Fourth Panzer Army, the remnants of the Axis forces such as the Italians, Romanians, Hungarians and others into a semblance of a powerful force to smash into the Russians west of Stalingrad in an attempt to free Paulus and his men. Adolf Hitler had already denied Paulus permission to try to break out so by the 24th November the Sixth Army commander and General Schmidt flew back to their new headquarters at Gumrack inside the Kessel or cauldron as it was known, and eight miles to the west of Stalingrad. Paulus brought along a supply of good red wine and Veuve-Cliquot champagne – a strange choice for someone supposed to be planning action. Even more symbolic, Veuve-Cliquot means Widow -Cliquot. While Hitler was ordering a battening down of the hatches, all the German generals in Stalingrad were of the opinion that a break-out was necessary. The most outspoken was General von Seydlitz whose headquarters were only a hundred yards away from Paulus’. On the same day, Reichsmarshall Herman Goering back in Berlin heard that the Fuhrer wanted the Sixth Army to stay inside Stalingrad and so summoned a meeting of his transport officers. Goering told them that 500 tonnes needed to flown into Stalingrad daily, while the real figure was 700 tonnes. The transport officers replied that 350 tonnes would be the maximum and then again, not consistently. It was more like a hundred and on bad days – none. Goering then informed Hitler with what Antony Beever calls “Breathtaking irresponsibility” – that the Luftwaffe could maintain the Sixth Army in its present position by air. It was a big lie. Goebbels the propaganda minister had said the big lies are always believed and this was another. The problem is when leaders lie constantly the real world eventually catches up. Hitler sent another message to General Paulus where he used the phrase “Fortress Stalingrad” which was the final death message for nearly 300 000 men squeezed into the Kessel – and worse Hitler was intimating that the Volga bank must be held whatever the circumstances. Luftwaffe commander in the Stalingrad sector, General Richthofen, was beyond disgusted. He wrote in his diary that the officers had become little more than “highly paid NCOs…”

This week I’ll cover the initial phase of Operation Barbarossa. Remember last week we heard how the tension between Russia and Germany had been growing despite the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact which was a rather flimsy agreement based on mutual dislike rather than a proper peace document. And on June 22nd 1941 it became redundant because Germany invaded Russia as part of the massive Operation Barbarossa which Hitler had been planning since December. There is a great truth in Carl von Clausewitz’s observation that the greater part of information obtained in war is contradictory, a still greater part is false, and by far the greatest part is of a doubtful character. InBetween the Wars German intelligence had been directed Westwards as Hitler built up his plans to attack Poland, then western Europe. He regarded the USSR as so backward that his intelligence gathering was erratic and largely incompetent. In consequence by 1941, German military intelligence on the Soviet Union compared rather unfavourably with the intelligence the Russians had on Germany. The arrogance is breathtaking. For example, the head of German Foreign Armies East Intelligence Lieutenant Colonel Liss could not speak Russian and appeared to have no real interest in the territory. Worse, Liss had no particular knowledge of the Soviet Union nor the Red Army and he was not even trained as an intelligence officer. This was worsened by the fact that intelligence gathering in the USSR was difficult. The Soviet system of the registration of the civilians who were forced to carry documents and labour books made it difficult to introduce agents into the country. Foreigners were frowned upon in the Soviet Union and all travel was tracked closely when permission was eventually granted. The Germans relied for their order of battle intelligence on information obtained from Finland, Hungary, Rumania and Japan. Inside Russia, the German Military attache was General Kostring who was a Russophile and unlike Liss, he was fluent in Russian. He correctly warned Berlin that the Red Army’s best allies were time and space, a lack of roads, and bad weather. Hitler ignored his warnings to some extent. Kostring also stipulated in a report to Hitler that Moscow was not an important target because the most strategic heavy industry lay eastwards. To win – they had to destroy Russia’s production capability which was mostly out of reach of both German planes, and saboteurs. German intelligence made a number of fatal guesses when it came to the Red Army. The first was that it was not fit for modern war and could not match a boldly led Wehrmacht. Kostring completely miscalculated the Soviet industry’s capacity to provide weapons, clothing and vehicles for a long war. He also completely miscalculated the Russian fighting spirit. To give you an idea just how poor German intelligence was, when Operation Barbarossa began that Sunday in June 1941 Hitler and his Generals had no idea that both the Russian 9th Army and 26th Army were based in the Ukraine. They only discovered this almost a month later in July 17th yet both armies had been fighting the Germans since almost day one of the campaign

Welcome to the Battle of Stalingrad podcast with me your host, Des Latham, this is the Battle of Stalingrad, episode 1. As I went about planning this series over the last year, the big question that emerged was how was I to make sense of the madness? The utter devastation and destruction wrought by this moment in history, where the 6th German Army under the direction of an increasingly out of touch Führer were sent to a city that became a graveyard for about two million people. Stalingrad is now a legal term meaning to wear down opposition lawyers by presenting any argument by any means possible and to stall in the face of overwhelming odds. I guess that’s what General Paulus and his men were doing at the end of this most significant battle in history. Starting with some background which will take us through about four or five initial episodes we’ll deep dive into the battle itself from both the German and the Russian point of view. The first few podcasts will deal with the German invasion of Russia in some detail including the battles for Moscow and Leningrad which predated Stalingrad. We really need to understand Stalingrad through the lens of operation Barbarossa because the German’s failed in their initial invasion which began in June 1941. Then will focus on the preparations in May, June and July 1942 where Hitler decided to target Stalingrad instead of bypassing the city as the 6th Army headed towards the all-important oil producing region in the Caucasus. We know just how the entire Russo-German war of 1941-1945 has resonated down the ages. This battle remains a symbolic event in the minds of modern Russian leaders like Vladimir Putin. By 1940 many citizens inside Russian were fully aware that at some stage the USSR may have to fight Germany after almost a decade of tension between the fascist and the communist states. Stalin and his advisors were buying time before 1941, desperately trying to upgrade the Russian army before an inevitable war between the two ideologies. But they got the timing wrong, with Stalin certain he could lead Hitler on a merry dance of diplomacy until his military production had caught up with the Germans which was estimated to be later in 1942. Time ran out. The terrible struggle in Stalingrad that killed around a million Russians and over eight hundred thousand Germans dwarves most other battles. Leningrad experienced a far longer siege, far more bombing, far more fighting, but Stalingrad is pretty much its own league when it comes to number of dead and the viciousness of the struggle. It is vital to understand present day Russia through the prism of The Great Patriotic War as it’s known and through the understanding of the defence of four main cities. Leningrad which endured a remarkable two years of siege - Moscow the heart of Russia, Sebastopol in the Crimea which was part of Russia’s underbelly, and of course Stalingrad because it symbolized everything that the USSR was endeavouring to advertise. It was a model city, built on manufacturing. Hundreds of thousands of Russians died fighting the Germans in the Crimea and in 2014 Moscow took it back. Don’t underestimate the importance of Sebastopol and this little isthmus in the consciousness of modern Russians. Let’s see why the German invasion of Russia which began in June 1941 seemed to take Joseph Stalin by surprise even after he received more than 80 warnings over the period immediately before the invasion. For the Germans, they took the decision to hide in plain site because Hitler’s operation was just so unbelievable.

The German Sixth Army was facing Six Russian armies in an attack that took the German’s by surprise as Operation Uranus unfolded in the third week of November 1942. The Romanians were not as surprised as the Germans because they’d been warning General Paulus and OKW headquarters about signs of the build-up for weeks. And we know that Luftwaffe General Von Richtfhofen had also reported on the signs but Paulus and Hitler seemed to be of the opinion that whatever it was – the signs of tanks and infantry building up across the Don to the north west of Stalingrad would not be significant. The Germans had no idea that General Zhukov’s plan was far more audacious than the usual Russian Winter offensive. Zhukov planned to encircle the Sixth Army and trap them inside Stalingrad. And as we heard last episode, the Don Army Group under Rokossovsky burst through the Romanians while the South West Army Group under Vatutin struck out towards Kalach. And then on the 20th the Stalingrad Army Group under Yeremenko which had crossed the Volga in small groups, launched the left horn of the Operation and headed North East towards Kalach. This means that the three Russian Fronts – the north, South West Army group and Stalingrad Army Group had over one million men against a similar number of Germans, Italians and Romanians along with other axis battalions. The Russians now had 900 tanks against the Germans 700 – many of which were unserviceable. Zhukov had gathered 13000 guns against Paulus’ 10 000 and around 1 100 planes against von Richthofen’s 1 200.

This episode is all about the Russian’s fighting back as they launch Operation Uranus. Remember the Germans have been battering away at the Barrikady and Mamaev Kurgan and still have not managed to chase the 62nd Army off the West bank of the Volga river. The Red Army is clinging onto tiny bits of land, despite General Paulus and the Sixth Army throwing everything they have at the isolated Russian troops. The Rattenkrieg has shredded the Germans – and back in Berlin Goebbels has just published an editorial which effectively was preparing the population for a possible defeat in Russia. General Zhukov has been building two powerful armies preparing for a counter-offensive and some German’s are aware that its imminent – such as von Richthofen of the Luftwaffe. But military intelligence has missed the formation of five new armies in the East – and Hitler doesn’t believe the Russians can pull together large forces anymore. Paulus’ final attack before this counter-offensive began on the 11th November 1942 and was as misguided and hopeless as had been the last winter offensive of Army Group Centre against Moscow twelve months before. Within 48 hours it had degenerated into a series of violent personal subterranean battles without central direction. Even the much-vaunted Pioneer Engineering battalions failed to make a real dent in the Russian defences. Many small groups of Germans managed to cover the last three hundred yards to the Volga but having arrived there, they found Russians in their rear who appeared from their cleverly camouflaged foxholes and cut them off. The battalions narrow corridors to retreat were blocked leading to four more days of desperate and ferocious fighting between the combatants in isolated pockets – where they could smell the other at night they were so close. Prisoners were no longer being taken and soldiers had little hope of personal survival. Filled with alcohol and Benzedrine or speed, a drug which the Germans issued to their troops, these Landsers were bearded, exhausted from no sleep, they had lost all sense of motive and purpose. The only thing that mattered was cutting the throat of their individual enemy lying a few feet away. By the 18th November the shortage of ammunition and food led to a lull in fighting. That night there was only a small fraction of the usual crackle of small arms and the head numbing thud of the mortars and artillery. Both sides took the opportunity to try and deal with their wounded. North of Stalingrad, in fact over 100 miles north, a large army was preparing to cross the Don River near Serafimovich (SERA-FIMO-VEECH) and it wasn’t the Germans. And to the south, closer to the city, another army was awaiting orders – they were to launch their attack a day after the northern action and the overall plan was for both armies to meet way behind the Sixth Army at a place called Kalach.

The struggle by the Sixth Army to take the remnants of the Russian 62nd Army clinging onto the banks of the Volga river is about to take another turn with General Paulus ordering a further assault starting the 11th November. This followed the German High Command’s realization that they had to do something urgently to beef up Paulus’ exposed flanks. The German’s had formed a salient or wedge as they pushed towards Stalingrad and it was ripe for the plucking. The 48th Panzer Corps had been based 50 miles south west of the ominous bridgeheads at Kletskaya and Serafimovich on the Don River when it’s commander Lieutenant General Ferdinand Heim received orders to move up to the threatened sector. That was to the North East and the unit duly clanked onto the road. But only a few miles after starting out major problems emerged and it involved mice. The column had ground to a halt and some of the tanks actually caught fire. In others, their engines were misfiring and many then failed to run at all. Mechanics swarmed over the vehicles and discovered that field mice had nested inside the vehicles and gnawed away at the insulation covering the electrical systems. It was days later that they limped on the way again eventually the 48th arrived at its new quarters. But it was virtually crippled. Out of 104 tanks in the 22nd Panzer Division for example, only 42 were ready for combat. And no-one notified the high command or Hitler – he would have had a fit. So on the 11th with their flank bolstered, the Germans attacked. I began just before dawn led by newly organized battle groups from the 71st, 79th, 100th, 295th, 305th and 389th infantry divisions, reinforced with four fresh pioneer of specialist engineers. They were aiming to dislodge the pockets of resistance or as the German’s put it – the rectangles. And above, Freihrer von Richthofen’s Luftwaffe prepared the way. The general had lost almost all patience with what he regarded as army conventionality – or in another word – slowness. He had complained repeatedly about the artillery failing to fire and the infantry not making use of bombing attacks. It was easy for him to say, his men were all hundreds of feet above Stalingrad – hardly feeling the pain of the most dramatic battle in history. The Russians had a big plan of their own, Operation Uranus. Stalin thought it was a bad plan initially – but soon realized that a large scale gamble was far better than piecemeal offensives. They’d tried the latter repeatedly and it had failed repeatedly. And of course, his great military advantage over Adolf Hitler was his lack of ideological shame. He was not embarrassed in the slightest to reinstate the military thinking of the 30’s he’d had Soviet officers executed for even suggesting some of the methods he was now signing off.

General Paulus’ Sixth Army has been stymied in its quest to drive the Red Army out of the city – his last attack which began in mid-October has stalled. He’s running low on both men and ammunition. The meat grinder that is Stalingrad has caused a 60% casualty rate in some German divisions – sometimes higher. There are few reinforcements. But that’s not true of the Russians who are building up two forces. One to the north of Stalingrad near the Don River, and the other south of the city. It doesn’t take much to realise what the Soviets are going to do. German and Romanian intelligence has picked up on the troop movements but General Paulus and Adolf Hitler appear largely unconcerned. Then came the news on the 2nd November that the British had defeated Rommel at el Alamein in north Africa. A few days later came the Anglo-American landing in French north Africa news of which reached Adolf Hitler just before he was to address his party comrades at the Munich Beer Cellar. That was where the Reich was launched in a failed putsh or coup attempt that started on November 8th 1923. It ended with Hitler thrown into prison. Now almost twenty years later Hitler was heading back to the Beer hall where he would deliver one of his most tone-deaf speeches in the midst of Stalingrad death and destruction. The speech of course was broadcast to the Sixth Army divisions hiding behind rubble and now facing a terrible winter. Word of the defeat at el Alamein as well as the American landings in Algeria shocked the German public. They had been fed copious amounts of propaganda about how swimmingly the war was going – to learn that the beloved Rommel had been outwitted by Field Marshal Montgomery caused a sudden shudder to ripple through the citizens of the Reich. Propaganda and its consquences by themselves rarely win wars – or political battles. Eventually the truth descends upon those who lie and cheat, eventually the people of the nation realise the folly of fatally flawed leadership. Back at General Chuikov’s headquarters hewn out of the Volga bank, officers of the 62nd army were discussing a strange reality. Why had the Germans not supported their flanks? Both south and north of the city the German’s were facing hundreds of miles of extended front with a dangerously exposed Sixth Army wedge which had formed from the Don to the West and into Stalingrad.

General Paulus’ Sixth Army has fought its way right up to the edge of the Volga River. Russian positions had been reduced to a few pockets of stone, seldom more than three hundred yards deep bordering on the right bank of the Volga. The Krasny Oktyabr or October plant as its also known had fallen to the Germans who had paved every foot of the factory floor with their dead. The Barrikady plant was half lost, the Germans were at one end of the foundry facing the Russian machine guns in the now extinguished ovens at the other. The defenders of the Tractor Factory had been broken into three groups by constant German attacks. These islands of resistance were now almost impossible to dislodge as the German’s discovered. The Sixth Army is exhausted. Alan Clark in his book on Barbarossa points out that they were as raddled and spent as had been Douglas Haig’s divisions at Passchendaele exactly a quarter of a century before during the First world war. You’d have to say there was an implacable madness that had seized all parties in this conflict. The Russians in the city were fighting to the death as there was no-where to go east of Stalingrad. It was all open steppe and losing this city was not just symbolic. They would have been pushed all the way to caucuses – at least that’s what many Russians soldiers believed. But Stalin and his generals were cooking up a nasty surprise for the Germans. That would follow within a few weeks. If the Wehrmacht’s Army Group B had the strength, the correct course would have been to strike at Voronezh up the Don River and lever the Don Front away from close to Stalingrad. The German left flank was in a particularly weak condition and striking further north would have caused the Russians to move reinforcements closer to Voronezh which was also closer to Moscow. But hindsight is always an inexact science isn’t it? The Wehrmacht was desperately extended on a front which had almost doubled in length since the start of the Summer campaign. The Russians meanwhile were building their forces and it was at this point that they had the stronger army. It was in this dangerous position that the weaker armies, the Sixth and the Fourth Panzer, continued to rely on initiative rather than pure-blooded military strategy. Once the German momentum was lost, they were on extremely perilous ground. There were two clear future strategies as the cold of winter descended on the southern steppe. First would have been an orderly withdrawal to defensive positions and tightening of the front. There were obvious places to do this – the Chiur River and the Mius River. The Second was pretty much part of German ideology. Continue attacking because whomever was last standing, won the battle. Stalingrad had turned into Verdun or Passchendaele .

A terrible battle had been waged inside the Red October plant since the big push began by the German Sixth Army on the 14th October. The Tractor Factory and the Barrikady plant were the centres of carnage which has become part of the mystique of Stalingrad where men were fighting for each workshop and canteen, each small room, each bombed out building. It was worse than hand-to-hand, it was tooth and nail. And in some cases, literally as men tore at each other with blunt instruments like bits of rebar, chunks of rubble, and even their teeth. At the three main factories north of Mamaev Hill the Germans threw themselves into the fight day after day, trying the crush the Russians. By October 20th they had seized all the tractor plant’s shops and broken into the mammoth breastworks of the Barrikady. Further south they also occupied the western end of the Red October Plant. General Chuikov who commanded the Russian 62nd Army had moved his headquarters on the 17th October, three days after the start of the major offensive ordered by Hitler. As we heard last episode, that was fortunate for Chuikov because his former trench come bunker was overrun by the Germans. Chuikov ended up in his new HQ on the river bank level with Mamaev Kurgan. He would remain there until the relief of the city the following February. Despite the fact that General Paulus had seen his forces bolstered by specialist units of engineers and police battalions experienced in street fighting, the Russians remained the masters of fighting inside buildings – room by room. They had developed killing zones around houses and squares which were heavily mined and covered by intersecting machine gun crossfire. Chuikov was a specialist himself and described some the techniques. “Experience taught us …” he said “.. get close to the enemies positions, move on all fours making use of craters and ruins dig your trenches by night, camouflage them by day, make you build-up for the attack stealthy, without any noise, carry your tommy-gun on your shoulder, take ten to twelve grenades. Timing and purpose will then be on your side..” . “two of you get into the house together ..” Chuikov continued in his memoirs “.. be lightly dressed without a knapsack and the grenade bare, go in grenade first, you go after, the whole house, again always with a grenade first and you after..”

It's the middle of October 1942 and the Sixth Army just cannot take Stalingrad as the Russians hold onto the West Bank of the Volga despite being outnumbered and outgunned. The most critical assault of the entire battle had just been joined – and that was the German attack which began at dawn on the 14th October. For the next three days it represented the point at which had the German’s succeeded, Stalingrad would have fallen immediately and the course of the war may have been different. While historians don’t believe Germany would have ultimately been victorious, what this period did was reinforce the belief amongst rank and file Russians that they could overcome the Nazis. The official version of the period 14–17 October is that Stalingrad’s defence remained resolute in the face of devastating enemy pressure. Chuikov himself is at pains to say that, despite the terrible fighting and the proximity of the Germans to his HQ, ‘we had no thought of withdrawing’. That’s not entirely true as we will hear. For personal and political reasons this became the accepted truth. Yet the reality – as on the earlier critical day of 14 September – was far darker. And it’s by peering more closely into this darkness can we make sense out of the Rattenkrieg – the rat war. Five German divisions, three infantry and two Panzer, 300 tanks with mighty air support, moved off in one great wall of steel and fire to overrun the factory districts, to break through to the Volga in strength and to blot out the Soviet 62nd Army once and for all. ‘These three days were utterly exceptional – even by Stalingrad’s standards’, said Russian Captain Mereshenko. ‘Only on 17 October did things get back to normal.’ Normal meant hundreds dying every day, not thousands. By mid-morning on the 14th a blanket of smoke hung over Stalingrad that was so thick visibility had been cut to a few hundred yards. Stukas flew over in packs bombing relentlessly. At 11.30am two hundred German tanks broke through Russian defences around the all important Tractor Works. General Erwin Janaecke’s 398th Infantry Division burst into the mile-long labyrinth of workshops that made up the Tractor Factory. The scenes inside this building almost defied description. The works became a charnel house.

This is episode 17 and we’re into the second week of October 1942 where the Sixth Army continues to batter the Russian 62nd Army on the banks of the Volga. Russian soldiers are grimly hanging on to their slither of land. To the south, the German 4th Panzer army has been hammering away trying to push the Russians across the mighty river but things are not going swimmingly. Last episode we heard how General Paulus as growing more strained as each day passed and Stalingrad refused to fall. Inside the city, General Chuikov who led the 62nd Army had stiffened his men’s resolve to fight after panic at times. “In the blazing city..” he said afterwards “we did not suffer cowards. We had no room for them..” IT was only by the 8th October that the political department in Stalingrad wrote a report for Stalin back in Moscow saying “the defeatist mood is almost eliminated and the number of treasonous incidents is getting lower…” It was revealed later that 13 500 Russian soldiers were executed in Stalingrad over the period of the battle which would extend until February 1943. Civilians were now being evacuated in huge numbers – including the 5th October. A day earlier Colonel Groscurth of the Sixth Army had written “will Stalingrad turn into a second Verdun?”. The first world war battle that chewed up a million French and German soldiers was an historic attempt at using men as mincemeat in an attempt to overcome the enemy. That was the German plan. Verdun was one of the reasons why the reparations demanded at the Treaty of Versailles by the French were so onerous – and of course led directly to the installation of the Nazi’s who played on German citizen’s belief they’d been unfairly dealt with after the First World War.

This is episode 16 which deals with the fighting in the city in the last week of September and first week of October 1942. Remember last episode we covered the ongoing battles around the Nail Factory, Mamaev Hill and the Grain elevator. The 62nd Army had experienced panic in the last week of September as the German divisions pushed hard against the Volga River bank, cutting off parts of the army. But reinforcements from Siberia had been rushed across the Volga River into Stalingrad and arrived in the nick of time, bolstering the defenders. Another famous soldier had also arrived in the city in mid-September, and that was Sergeant Jacob Pavlov. He’d jumped off the lorry which had brought him and his companions to within six miles of Stalingrad on the East Bank of the Volga. Sergeant Pavlov was part of the unit reinforing Major-General Alexander Rodimtsev’s much depleted 13th Guards Division which was concentrated around the Lazur Chemical Factory – an area known as the ‘tennis racket’ due to a rail track that ran around the area which was shaped exactly like a tennis racket. Pavlov was a short broad-shouldered man with penetrating grey eyes that surprised journalists who interviewed him after the war as they exuded warmth, rather than the thousand yard stare usually associated with veterans. He became known as the House Owner and ended the war with the Golden Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union. That’s double ironic because Pavlov never owned property his entire life. But he was a hero. The clue to his remarkable story is why he was dubbed with this nickname – and indeed his story stands out in the annals of all those told about Stalingrad. Pavlov was born in a village not far from the source of the Volga River far to the north in the province of Leningrad. He’d faced Hitler’s forces in Poland in the early days of Operation Barbarossa – particularly those of Field Marshal von Bocks’ central group. Since June 1941 he’d experienced nothing but fighting retreats. Now he was facing Hitler’s Nazi war machine at a place marking their most eastern advance which was a further irony considering what he was going to do. There would be no more retreating for Sergeant Pavlov. I’ll come back to his story through this series.

This episode is about a grain elevator while Adolf Hitler loses his patience once more and fires General Halder. I had the fortune to study American Landscape History at Harvard University with one of the most incredible thinkers of modern times – Professor John Stilgoe. He would present his two hour lectures using hundreds of slides – and one of his fascinating topics was grain elevators. Only countries with food surplus have grain elevators for storage and since then, I’ve kept a sharp eye on the hundreds in my home country of South Africa. In Stalingrad, the grain elevator was actually the main motif planned for German badges to be issued to the 6th Army upon its fall by its leader, General Paulus. Ah yes, history had other ideas. Elevators are built out of reinforced concrete and in the case of Stalingrad, the elevators survived some of the most intense bombings and shelling of any building in history. Last week I covered the assaults on Mamaev Hill or Kurgan as its known, a site of Tartar graves and rebuilt after the Revolution of 1917 into a park where lovers would gather. IT was also the most bloody few acres of the Stalingrad conflict. It’s 300 foot heights meant whomever controlled this hill, controlled the view of the Mighty Volga River. So after the Red Army finally seized control in mid-September, it was more difficult for the Germans to range their artillery and hit the ferries and other craft crossing the Volga. Of course, with material and men being shipped across, mainly at night, it was crucial to try to stop the Russians from resupplying the 62nd and 64th Armies which had been pushed back against the Volga in two areas by the German 6th and 4th Panzer Armies. The fighting on the 14, 15th and 16th September had been brutal, but was just the start of a huge escalation across Stalingrad. In Moscow, US embassy diplomats were reporting that the city was finished and on the evening of the 16th an aide walked into Joseph Stalin’s office and placed a transcription down on his desk. It was the text of an intercepted radio message from Berlin which said “Stalingrad has been taken by brilliant German forces. Russia has been cut into two parts, north and south, and will soon collapse in her death throes”. Stalin got up and stood at his window then ordered the aide to put him through to the STAVKA. He then dictated a message for Kruschev and Yeremenko on the West bank of the Volga outside Stalingrad. “Is it true Stalingrad has been captured by the Germans?” he asked “Give a straight and truthful answer…” Little did Stalin know that the scrappy general Rodimtsev who I described last week had arrived in the nick of time with the 295 Division and pushed the Germans back from the Volga and the central station.

In episode 14 we will focus on the events in Stalingrad starting from the second week of September 1942. By the 15th as we heard last week the fighting had intensified as elements of the German 71st and 76th Divisions advancing in a wedge shape towards the central station which it reached by midday. By 3.15 in the afternoon the water works were captured and the Germans had reached the bank of the Volga in the South of the city. That meant the Russian 62nd Army was now cut off from the 64th. But as I explained last episode, an NKVD battalion managed to retake the main train station which had changed hands three times by the 16th September. In the north of the city there rose the strategically important Mamaev Hill and it is here where the most powerful act performed by the Red Army in mid-September was recorded. The German 295th Infantry Division had fought its way to the far slope of the Mamaev Kurgan and eventually it fell to the Germans. The struggle became intense for this hill. IT was now completely unrecognisable from the park where lovers had strolled a few weeks before. The whole hillside had been churned and was now full of craters similar to the images of the First World War. Both sides used these as instant trenches as the bitter fighting intensified. It was on the 15th September that the Russians were to launch an aggressive counter-attack to recapture the Kurgan. I’ll use the Russian phrase from now on because it makes more sense. The Kurgan was 300 feet high and from the heights, the Germans spotters could call in air and artillery strikes on ferries carrying Russian soldiers across the Volga, as well as Russian units within the city itself. It was crucial to control this part of Stalingrad. Unluckily for those called to fight on the Kurgan, it was also open ground with all the advantages held by the Germans.

Episode 13 is full of fire and brimstone as the Sixth Army and Fourth Panzer Army finally arrive in Stalingrad proper. That’s when the fighting becomes more personal with every house and every apartment a stronghold and skirmishes begin to take place inside different rooms of the same house. By the end of the first week of September 1942 the German Sixth Army had come up to the western limits of the city almost along the whole of its length, while the Fourth Panzer Army were probing the southern limits. Ditches and barricades proved no lasting barriers to the weight of German pressure, only men and women could hold the Wehrmacht back. The air-attacks had stopped for only a freak building here and there stood untouched among the vast devastation. The great blocks of flats, the fine public buildings were now crazy hollow shells. Civilians were now sheltering in the basements and some would remain in these gloomy pits until the defeat of the Germans in February 1943. And it was for this crazy shell of a city that the fiercest of all city-battles of the Second World War was joined. For the Russians, its factories could no longer contribute to the Soviet war-effort, for the Germans it was useless as a shelter. Even its strategic value either for the Germans or the Russians was now extremely doubtful. For Hitler as we’ll see, it was to become an object of a Führer-prestige obsession. For Stalin it would become the symbol of the ultimate Russian defiance. For the Germans it would be synonymous with final defeat – for the Russians it was to mark the beginning of final victory. Last episode I explained how General Golikov was left behind on the West bank of the Volga River joining General Lopatin who commanded what was left of the 62nd Army. Golikov had begged to be allowed out of Stalingrad but Kruschev who was the political commissar in command along with Yeremenko told him to pull himself together. Lopatin on the other hand was a nervous wreck and hardly an ideal leader of men at this moment.

In episode 12 we hear how the German Sixth Army and Fourth Panzer Army are at the gates of Stalingrad and about to enter the city named after the Soviet Dictator. The 16th Panzer Division which is part of the Sixth Army has already found its way into the northern suburbs and frantic defence by the Russian Red Army has slowed their advance. In the south, the Fourth Panzer Army has been held up at times by a fighting retreat by the Russian 62nd and 64th Armies, although there are increasing reports of Russian soldiers surrendering in large numbers. In response, NKVD commissars were told to start executing those caught running away. It’s the first week of September 1942 and the Autumn rains have already begun to fall, causing the German’s some difficulty. They’re relying on the Luftwaffe who are flying missions in support of ground forces and the overcast conditions are proving to be a real problem. As the Wehrmacht draws closer to Stalingrad, the number of casualties are beginning to rise on both sides. Civilians are fleeing the city across the Volga while workers in the factories have formed up into battalions and will fight the German army in almost suicidal assaults in the coming weeks. The nearest parallel to this horrific battle was the mincing machine of Verdun in the First world War. But there are significant differences too. At Verdun the contestants rarely saw each other face to face – being battered to death by high explosives or cut down at long range by machine gun fire. At Stalingrad as we’ll see each separate battle resolved itself into a combat between individuals. Soldiers would swear at each other inside different rooms in the same house and across streets. Often they would hear each others breathing in the next room and hear the sound of tinkling of metal as the enemy reloaded their firearms. Hand-to-hand duels were finished in the dark as smoke and brick dust swirled about, soldiers would kill each other with knives and pickaxes, clubs of rubble and garot others with wire or stab them with twisted steel. As Alan Clark writes in his great work called Barbarossa, fighting took place in a giant petrified forest of blackened chimney stacks where defenders had little cover in the suburbs as the houses there were built of wood which had burned to the ground in the massive air raids of the 23rd August. The Luftwaffe had pulverised the city, and as the Germans advanced they would find the Russians would use these uneven iron concrete and stone buildings to great effect. The sewers had become tunnels and the Germans would soon have a name for the type of fighting inside Stalingrad – Rattenkrieg – ratwar.

The German fourth panzer army is attacking Stalingrad from the south, and the Sixth Army has swung to attack from the north west led by the Wehrmacht’s Battering Ram, the 16th Panzer Division. Russian generals were taken by surprise by this dash from the Don. They were expecting the Germans to approach directly from the west and had built fortifications with that route in mind. Instead, General Paulus had pulled a fast one and his vanguard arrived at the northern suburbs by the afternoon of 23rd August. That was also the day in which the Luftwaffe had pulverised the city using carpet bombing as the main technique. 40 000 civilians were dead by the day’s end, many caught at Mamaev Hill as we heard last week. The Germans had broken through to the Volga River on a five mile front in the north. By now the enormous city of around 600 000 and stretching for 30 miles along the Volga was enveloped in flames. Everything around was burning and collapsing. Sorrow and death had entered into thousands of Stalingrad homes as one commentator said. By midnight of 23rd August the 16th Panzer division on the outskirts of Stalingrad had outrun its support. Twelve miles behind them, the 3rd Motorised Division had halted for the night. 60th Motorised Division was ten miles behind the 3rd – bogged down in the giant traffic jam I mentioned last week. These three were now completely separated from each other like islands on the Russian Steppe. Until these were enjoined by the entire Sixth Army, they were extremely exposed and vulnerable to Soviet counter-attacks. General Hans Hube who commanded the 16th Panzer Division ordered his tanks to form themselves into a defensive perimeter called a hedgehog with the division’s artillery covering a 360 degree front. In what was almost a miracle, Russian militia had dug interlocking strongpoints overnight. Some were dressed in their Sunday best and work clothes as they crouched behind their mortars and machine guns and challenged the finest tank army in the world. Their first target was Combat Group Krumpen who crumpled under their huge artillery bombardment, then unpainted T34s that had literally just been driven off the assembly line charged into battle on 24th catching Hube offguard. Back at HQ, Paulus received another shock. The 3rd Motorised Brigade had been ambushed while ransacking a Soviet freight train bursting with American Ford Trucks and Willies Jeeps. They were forced to create a hedgehog defensive position as the Russian 35th Guards Division poured down onto them from the North. The reckless counter attack, suicidal almost, extended the gap between the 3rd and the 60th motorised Divisions still further. In the south, the Russian 64th Army was causing the German Fourth Panzer army some difficulty and they failed to push through to the Volga which was the initial plan. Refugees were fleeing the city, crossing over the vast river in barges and small boats while German planes strafed these people. The fire that had started in the oil storage tanks opposite the city centre continued to burn as oil spread across the river engulfing some of these boats. The troops of the 64 and 62nd armies were deployed in a fighting retreat towards the city. The roads were crowded with refugees. Peasants from collective and state farms were moving – migrating really – the families traveling with their all-important livestock where they could. Russian general Chuikov was on board a boat traveling from the east bank of the Volga back to the city and was greeting by a scene at one of the main ferry piers which shook him.

This is episode 10 and the marauding Wehrmacht is at Stalingrad’s door – the enemy is at the gates. As we’ll hear, the savage air raids the were a precursor to the main event that symbolised the start of the months of a battle that would change the world. We’ll also hear the extraordinary story of truly courageous young women just out of high school and what they managed to achieve to the north of the city. We’ll begin by joining German units and hear individual stories from soldiers who were convinced that within a week they’d be enjoying the delights of the Soviet Union’s model city on the Volga River. Why not? The Russians were facing a stronger and more experienced force and had resorted to arming civilians as a last gasp effort to halt the German juggernaut bearing down on the oil rich caucuses. As we know, Hitler had split Army Group South and sent the First Panzer Army off South Eastwards towards the Black Sea coast and the oil producing region in a move which had baffled the Soviets. It had baffled his own Generals although they quickly forgot their misgivings about splitting Army Group South. On the 21st August 1942 infantry companies under General von Seyderlitz’s LI Corps crossed the Don River at dawn using inflatable boats. They established a bridgehead at the village of Luchinsky. More Germans paddled furiously over the Volga, while downriver at Vertyachy an entire battalion crossed the river in around a hour. Pioneer units went to work building pontoon bridges to take the panzers and other vehicles of General von Wietersheim’s XIV Panzer Corps across. The Don meanders about here, after flowing almost directly South East, it suddenly turns and flows westerly towards the Black Sea instead of continuing onwards to the Caspian Sea. IT’s at that point where there’s a land bridge between the Don and the Volga. In a few thousand years they’ll probably weather their way towards each other and lead to the formation of a large marshland. But here we are in 1942 with the Germans crossing what they called The Stream. Some of the members of the Sixth Army had already decided that the mysterious Don was a place of beauty and would be setting up their farms there after the War. Most of course, would be dead within six months. But let’s not jump the gun.

It's the first two weeks of August 1942 where the German Sixth and Fourth Panzer armies are closing in on the city with Joseph Stalin’s name. We will also visit some of the other battles taking place in early August across Russia and further afield to provide some additional awareness about why certain decisions were being taken. It was a world war after all and despite our focus on Stalingrad, we can’t lose sight of the bigger picture across the globe. Last week we spent some time with the citizens as they began building defensive systems like trenches and street barricades which accelerated through July 1942. The irony in the coming battle was the German’s were going to do a far better job for the Russians using their bombers. Blowing up entire suburbs with bombs means lots of rubble in which to hide your snipers for example. It also makes it impossible for tanks to be effective. Sometimes brute force fails when it comes to warfare and this is one of those times. It sounds counter intuitive doesn’t it? And yet Clausewitz warned about this in his tome On War. So did Sun Tzu. Do not destroy the entire landscape and your enemy cities or you will not be able to rule effectively afterwards. Hitler believed in ethnic cleansing with the Slavs to be replaced by the Aryans and so didn’t care about this ancient truth. As the Mongols, the Romans and others found over the centuries, the more you destroy, the harder it is to govern if you really want to be around for the long term. In addition, Hitler’s visceral hatred of Slavs and Russians blinded him and his officers like von Richthofen to the fact that the more brutal you are, the harder your enemy fights because its death by glory or death by the murderous invader. By trying to bludgeon London and Britain into submission for example, the Luftwaffe actually shot itself in the foot – it increased the motivation of the average Brit to fight. By bludgeoning Stalingrad, the German’s did the same. So by the first week of August 1942 the biggest threat to Stalingrad was not the Sixth Army, it was Hoth’s Fourth Panzer army. His Scouts were already within twenty miles of Stalingrad as he approached from the south west and Hoth was banking on being the first Germans in the City. It was a kind of game for this general, nicknamed Papa Hoth and loved by his men. The Fourth Panzer Army turned north-east from Tsimlyanskiy and Remontnaya on 1 August and two days later they’d captured loaded Soviet troops trains near KoteInikovo. More about this moment in a while. That put the main 4th Panzer’s within sixty miles of Stalingrad. Even the latest intelligence reports which showed that Yeremenko’s cleverly designed traps in the ravines and hills to the west of the city had slowed his units didn’t overly worry Hoth much.

This week we’ll join the citizens of Stalingrad as they feverishly prepare for what look like an inevitable attack as the Sixth Army under General Paulus heads towards the Don River. The obvious approach would see the attack come across the land bridge between the Don and Volga Rivers. And by mid-July 1942 the German intention had become a certainty. The Fourth Panzer Army had crossed the Don and reached the heights of Kotelnikovo and its spearhead, instead of turning south to protect the flank of the First Panzer Army heading towards the caucuses to the south east, was pointing north and obviously coming up towards Stalingrad. That wasn’t all. German activity in the great bend of the Don River seemed to indicate the probability of a drive being made across the river and that could only mean one thing – a full attack on Stalingrad instead of a glancing blow. In Moscow, Stalin and the STAVKA had been issuing orders for a few weeks and now their briefings increased when it came to the southern Front. He had fixated on the German’s attacking Moscow in force once more and had delayed some decisions in the south. Now that it was clear what was going to happen, the preparations escalated. The tragedy of war had always menaced this region. In 1237 the Golden Horde of the Great Khan had crossed the Volga at this perfect fording point and ravaged the area between the Volga and Don rivers. From there the Khan swept west into European Russia and were stopped just short of Vienna and the Polish border. During the 13th an 14th Centuries Russian armies marched eastward through the same region – it was a border post from which Moscow attacked the Mongols. Then in 1589 a trading centre was established called Tsaritsyn. The legendary Cossack leader Stenka Razin took the city in 1670 and held it during a bloody siege. One hundred years later another Cossack named Yemelyan Pugachev decided to challenge Catherine the Great by storming Tsaritsyn but she defeated him and then cut off his head for good measure. In 1875 a French company built a large steel mill in the city and its population expanded to one hundred thousand. It became a wild west town – or should I say wild east town similar to the growth of American cities. Ramshackle houses followed the river and there were four hundred saloons and brothels which catered for the new settler’s needs. It was a tough hard-living town – a bit like the myriad of frontier towns that emerged in the American West. During the Russian Revolution after 1917 the fighting here in the civil war was extremely bitter. As we heard previously, a little-known leader called Joseph Stalin held off three Generals of the White Army for weeks. But he was eventually driven out of the city and Stalin regrouped his forces on the Steppe before falling on the White Army flanks and defeating the White Army forces. To honour their liberator, the residents renamed the city Stalingrad. The city was then completely redesigned as a model Soviet project and it became a manufacturing centre, exporting vehicles, chemicals, tractors, guns, textiles and lumber to all parts of the Soviet Union.

This episode we’re starting the week-to-week coverage of the battle and it’s the end of July 1942. As we’ve heard, Hitler had split his Southern Army in two sending the Fourth Panzers to the Black Sea to secure the coast while the 6th Army continued onwards towards the Don River. Hitler had ignored General Halder’s protestations about the buildup of Soviet troops to the East of these units – at least a million men were now based across the Volga River and in the Caucuses. The Soviets were also producing at least 500 tanks a month which was almost the same number Germany’s massive manufacturing sector was churning out – and Hitler didn’t believe that either. He also thought the Russians were close to collapse. They weren’t. On the 28th July 1942 Hitler was celebrating the capture of Rostov in the South and his southern Army’s rapid drive towards the Don River where the Soviet army faced annihilation. If the German army made it west of the Don River, they would then be able to challenge Soviet troops on the Volga and in Moscow, Joseph Stalin was aware what that would mean. The Germans would cut his country in two and seize the all-important Black Sea ports feeding material into Moscow. In other theatres there was even more bad news. A large allied shipping convoy with the code name PQ-17 on its way to Russia had been destroyed in the Barents Sea. In his office in the Kremlin, Stalin was pacing back and forth listening to the latest report on the war presented by General Vasilevsky. It was full of the words retreat, withdrawal, surrender. Apparently this is where Stalin blurted “They’ve forgotten my Stavka order!” which he had issued in August 1941. “That was anyone who removed their insignia during battle and surrendered would be regarded as a malicious deserter who’s family would be arrested.” The deserters would be shot dead on the spot. “They’ve forgotten it!” he yelled. “Write a new one along the same lines.” He ordered Vasilevsky. The General had a few hours to redraft the order and then report back to Stalin who was seething now convinced that some of his own army had lost their nerve and needed severe disciplining.

This week the Germans launch Operation Blue where Army Group South is supposed to head towards the Caucuses to secure the all-important oil. We heard last week how Adolf Hitler was under the false impression that seizing the oil would also damage Russia’s fighting capability – but little did he know that the Soviet Union had vast resources in other regions as I explained. The Upper Volga and Kama area in the Urals and in the northern region of Ukhta also produced oil as well as a narrow belt east of the Caspian sea across the whole south of the Soviet Union. Hitler did not understand this – he was fixated on Baku. In 1942 there were few oil pipelines in use. The main pipeline which ran 1200 miles from Baku to the Black Sea port of Batum had been in existence since the First World War, and other shorter lengths ran from Grozny to Tuapse on the Black Sea as well as Armavir to Rostov and Trudovuya. Hitler had decided on three parallel thrusts to be made all West to East. The first and most northerly would be an armoured attack from the area near Kursk towards the Don River and Voronezh. The tanks would then turn south east after taking the city and move down the west bank of the Don rolling up the enemy. Simultaneously, a second parallel thrust would be made from the area of Kharkov striking at the concentrated Soviet Army forces on the Don, and a third parallel thrust was to be made from lower Don region to join up with the other two German forces in the area of Stalingrad. The city with Stalin’s name was mentioned at this point for the first time. The capture of the city was not part of the strategic aim, although it was important. As we’ll see, both Halder and von Bock were to oppose Hitler later when he became obsessed by overrunning the city. By the Spring of 1942 it had already become apparent that German resources could not cope with a full-scale offensive on the whole length of the Russian front – from Leningrad in the north to Sebastopol in the South. The campaign in the Caucuses had significant economic considerations. There were coal and iron in the Donetz Basin, oil in the Caucuses and the Volga. Hitler had many other things to worry about in Western Europe. The shock of his attacks in 1939 had worn off and by Autumn 1941 occupied peoples in Norway, Denmark, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg as well as France were beginning to recover.

This episode we’ll join the 6th Army as it began to move inexorably towards the city that bore the name of the Soviet Union’s President and which be the grave for almost two million people. But first, we need to take a closer look at General Paulus who was to lead the army to its doom. Unlike other commanders such as Rommel, Guderian, Hoth and Halder, Paulus possessed what historian Anthony Beevor calls an exaggerated respect for the chain of command. He was an oddity in many ways, spending long nights bent over maps with coffee and cigarettes at hand. His hobby was drawing scale-maps of Napoleon’s campaign in Russia – something which you’d think would have given him some knowledge about the mistakes the Germans’ should avoid making. Apparently it did not. He first made his name as his Chief of Staff starting in 1939 in a relationship that appeared odd to outsiders. Reichenau almost looked the part of a thug, thick set and tough whereas Paulus was tall and very much the officer and a gentleman. With his advanced map reading skills, Paulus was part of the group of Generals who planned Operation Barbarossa and was eventually nominated by Reichenau to take over the control of the 6th Army which he did on New Years day 1942. We heard about that in the last podcast. One of the most memorable events of this battle was the role played by an all-women battalion which the Germans described as a bandit battalion led by a redhead. A senior NCO writing later said “The fighting methods of these female beasts showed itself in treacherous and dangerous ways. They lie concealed in heaps of straw, and shoot us in the back when we pass by..”

This episode will focus on the failed Army Group Centre’s attack on Moscow during the winter of 1941 and its ramifications for those living in Stalingrad as Hitler began to focus his energies on the oil producing region of the Caucuses. The city of Stalingrad lay in the way, so too did the Crimea and Sebastopol. We’ll hear how Hitler planned to take the region around Baku but then changed his mind and split his force. He decided he’d go for the two for one option. One army, two goals. That was to be his undoing as he achieved neither. For as long as wars have been fought, strategists have warned about fighting on two fronts. In Russia, Hitler was actually fighting on four. His northern army was being held up at Leningrad, his central army was stymied outside Moscow, then he split his southern army into two. The Russian capital faced a major assault and by mid-October 1941 rumours were swirling about the imminent arrival of the feared and hated Nazi forces. By October 13 the situation was critical. Numerous German troops held up by the Viazma encirclement were now redeployed to the Moscow front. Waiting for them was the Red Army led by the remarkable General Zhukov assisted by General Konev. This A-team of Russian generals included General Rokossovsky and Govorov, as well as Zakharkin. By Octover 12 the Russian State Defense Committee had decided to call upon the people of Moscow to build a defence line some distance outside Moscow, with a second along the city border and two supplementary defensive rings within Moscow itself. In describing the great October crisis in Moscow its important to distinguish between three factors. First, the Army which had fought desperately against the superior German Army and yielded ground very slowly the closer the Wehrmacht got to Moscow. The second was the Russian population who’s motivation began to wilt. When the Germans eventually broke through capturing Kaluga in the south on the 12th October and Kalinin in the north on the 14th, reports began circulating that the Germans were actually inside Moscow. The civilians panicked, but the army fought on. Rokossovsky stopped the rot by throwing in his last reserves including scarcely trained opolchentsy civilians from the city and troops from Sibera literally as they disembarked from trains. This slowed the Nazi attack when they began another mass assault on the 15th October. The first snow had already fallen on 7th and the country was in for one of its coldest winters in living memory. The first snow thawed quickly, turning the roads into a quagmire. Both the Germans and Russians were affected by the mud yet the blitzkrieg machine found itself becalmed by deep sticky mud which could suck the tyres off vehicles. A number of conflicting issues buffeted both sides. Members of the Communist party Moscow Working class which had been touted by Stalin’s spin doctors as the heroes of the struggle basically decided to leave town. Only 12000 had put their hands up when requested to defend the city, the others believed it was better to fight another day and headed off eastwards. Muscovites panicked on October 16 leading to the what was known as the Great Skedaddle. These included anybody from plain obyvateli to various party members and officials who were the cogs of the Soviet State machinery and were terrified the Germans would kill them out of hand. So they began loading their goods into wagons and left town. And it was now, on New Years Day 1942, that General Paulus who had never even commanded a division or corps, found himself catapulted up the army list to the rank of General of Panzer Troops. Five days later he became the new commander-in-chief of the 6th Army just as Timoshenko launched a major but ill-coordinated offensive towards Kursk.

This is episode three, the Reich attacks with fingers instead of a fist. We are building up to the start of the Battle of Stalingrad by describing how the initial phases of the invasion of Russia by the Germans’ led inexorably to the city with Stalin’s name. Alexander Werth was a British journalist based in Moscow as the German army approached in 1941 and he describes how quickly the city went from being relatively normal including cigarette and food vendors on most street corners to mounting terror and food shortages within a week. Most of the men had been called up when war began so women and young teens were in the fields, but the invasion had an almost catastrophic effect on Russian food supplies. Before the war, the territory overrun by the Germans had produced 38 percent of the cereals, 84 percent of the sugar while also containing 38 percent of the cattle and 60 percent of the pigs. By January 1942 the number of cows in the Soviet Union had dropped from just under 28 million to 15 million. Now the forces of the Third Reich were on their way to Moscow, following the same road that Napoleon had taken 140 years before. The orders given to Field Marshal von Bock’s Army Group Centre was to encircle and destroy the enemy in Belorussia before heading on to the Soviet Capital. Z` Two deep thrusts were to be made, one in the north starting from East Prussia, and the other to the South from the area of Brest-Litovsk close to the Pripet Marshes. These are also known as the Pinks Marshes and are a vast are a vast natural region of wetlands along the forested basin of the Pripyat River with Kiev to the southeast. It is one of the largest wetland areas of Europe occupies most of the southern part of Belorussia or Belarus and the north-west of Ukraine. The marshes undergo substantial changes in size during the year, with melting snows in springtime and autumn rainfall causing extensive flooding as the river overflows. It is a geographical feature that armies had learned to respect over thousands of years. The Army Group Centre was split in two – one thrust was to be made by the 9th Army under Strauss in the north along with twelve infantry divisions were involved along with Hoth’s 3rd Panzer Group. Army Group Centre’s Field Marshal von Kluge led the 4th Army in the southern arm of Army Group Centre with 21 infantry divisions supported by Guderian’s 2nd Panzer Group. The Panzers both to the north and south were to drive deep wedges in the form of two pincers into the enemy positions far to their rear and then joining in a double enveloping movement at Minsk. That was the capital of Belorussia and was 250 miles inside Soviet Territory. Then the two great pockets of Soviet soldiers were to be destroyed before the armies turned their beady eyes on Smolensk. That was the historical main city on the road to Moscow. However, there were problems from the start when it came to strategy. Von Bock thought it a complete waste of time and wanted to push directly for Smolensk. But Hitler wanted the two armies to take Minsk first, then halt at Smolensk so that the Panzer formations could be reassigned and head north to assist Army Group North besieging Leningrad. On the Soviet side, the unfortunate General Pavlov led the Red Army facing these two powerful German thrusts. When he was informed the German Infantry was approaching Minsk, he ordered his reserves forward which doomed them. He and the Russian leadership were not yet aware of a new form of encirclement - the double Panzer pincer which was to surround 3rd and 10th Armies. Instead of a single push past the Red Army – there would be two like a double ripple which was an extremely clever way of cutting off retreat.