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Latin in Layman’s gives you the ability to understand and command language in a whole new respect. Join a typical grammarian and classicist as I expand your vocabulary, understanding of grammar, Etymology, terminology (i.e. legal, medical, botanical, etc.), and so much more. I also utilize this platform to expand on greater thoughts of mine, as well as discussing the importance of language and the promotion of "The Language Revival" (as I like to call it...) Thank you for your interested in knowledge, language acquisition, the command of one's own language, and the understanding of the world.
- 360 - Like Tears in the Rain - A Reading
This is a writing I did recently for my Critical Theory class.
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Sat, 12 Oct 2024 - 15min - 359 - Dionysus and the Dionysian Parodoxes | A God of Contradictions and embodiment of life's dualities
What are your thoughts on this dumb "hoop-lah" about the Olympic games being "satanic." Silly. Did the Olympics come for Christians? NO, sorry. It's harkening upon Greek culture and Dionysian influence, since he was integral in the expression of the Theater.
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Podcast | Latin in Layman’s - A Rhetoric Revolution https://open.spotify.com/show/0EjiYFx1K4lwfykjf5jApM?si=b871da6367d74d92
Sat, 03 Aug 2024 - 27min - 358 - On a heart that beats on, despite the wounds of time - A lament to Orpheus
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Tue, 16 Jul 2024 - 14min - 357 - Eros and Psyche | The Fragility of Love and Scars of Betrayal.wav
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Mon, 15 Jul 2024 - 18min - 356 - Identity, Loss, Love Lost, Confidence, Reclaiming One's Self - Ramble on Potential Book Club Idea
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Podcast | Latin in Layman’s - A Rhetoric Revolution https://open.spotify.com/show/0EjiYFx1K4lwfykjf5jApM?si=b871da6367d74d92
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IdentityIdentity
Etymology: From Latin identitas ("sameness, oneness").
Definition: The condition of being oneself or itself, and not another.
Self
Etymology: Old English self, related to Old Norse sjálfur.
Definition: The essential person that distinguishes an individual from others.
Persona
Etymology: Latin persona ("mask, character in a play").
Definition: The aspect of someone's character that is presented to or perceived by others.
Individuality
Etymology: From Medieval Latin individualitas.
Definition: The quality or character of a particular person or thing that distinguishes them from others of the same kind.
Sense of Self
Definition: The awareness of one's own identity and individuality.
Loss
Etymology: Old English los ("destruction, loss").
Definition: The fact or process of losing something or someone.
Grief
Etymology: Old French gref, from Latin gravis ("heavy, grievous").
Definition: Deep sorrow, especially caused by someone's death.
Mourning
Etymology: Old English murnan ("to mourn, bemoan").
Definition: The expression of deep sorrow for someone who has died.
Sorrow
Etymology: Old English sorg.
Definition: A feeling of deep distress caused by loss, disappointment, or other misfortune suffered by oneself or others.
Heartbreak
Etymology: Compound of "heart" and "break".
Definition: Overwhelming distress caused by a romantic disappointment or loss.
Unrequited Love
Etymology: From Latin unrequīrere ("not to seek in return").
Definition: Love that is not reciprocated or returned in kind.
Melancholy
Etymology: Greek melankholia ("black bile").
Definition: A deep, pensive, and long-lasting sadness typically caused by perceived loss or sorrow.
Confidence
Etymology: Latin confidentia ("trust, reliance, assurance").
Definition: The feeling or belief that one can rely on someone or something; firm trust.
Self-assurance
Definition: Confidence in one's own abilities or judgment.
Empowerment
Etymology: From Middle French em-, en- + pouvoir ("to be able").
Definition: The process of becoming stronger and more confident, especially in controlling one's life and claiming one's rights.
Self-discovery
Definition: The process of gaining insight into one's own character, feelings, and desires.
Recovery
Etymology: From Latin recuperare ("to get again, regain").
Definition: The action or process of regaining possession or control of something lost or taken away.
Renewal
Etymology: Old French renouveler, from Latin renovare ("renew").
Definition: The action of extending the period of validity of something; the process of being restored to a better condition.
Resilience
Etymology: From Latin resilire ("to rebound, recoil").
Definition: The capacity to recover quickly from difficulties; toughness.
Acceptance
Etymology: From Latin acceptare ("to take willingly").
Definition: The action of consenting to receive or undertake something offered.
Healing
Etymology: From Old English hǣlan ("to cure, make whole").
Definition: The process of making or becoming sound or healthy again.
Transformation
Etymology: From Latin transformare ("to change in shape or form").
Definition: A marked change in form, nature, or appearance.
Sun, 14 Jul 2024 - 24min - 355 - A-H | Etymologizing Common Words (Rooted from Latin) in the Wild
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Sat, 13 Jul 2024 - 18min - 354 - A Shortened Myth of Orpheus and Eurydice
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YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@MrConnerlyFri, 12 Jul 2024 - 09min - 353 - Greek - Part Two - Etymologizing common words you see in your everyday life
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Podcast | Latin in Layman’s - A Rhetoric Revolution https://open.spotify.com/show/0EjiYFx1K4lwfykjf5jApM?si=b871da6367d74d92
Ocean (Greek: okeanos): A vast body of saltwater. Olympiad (Greek: Olympia): A period of four years between Olympic Games. Panic (Greek: Pan): A sudden feeling of fear that prevents rational thought. Paradox (Greek: para + doxa): A statement that seems contradictory but may be true in a way. Pathology (Greek: pathos + logos): The study of diseases. Pharmacy (Greek: pharmakon): The science of preparing and dispensing medications. Philosophy (Greek: philia + sophia): The study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence. Phonetics (Greek: phōnē): The study of the sounds of speech. Physics (Greek: physis): The study of matter, energy, and their interactions. Politics (Greek: polis): The activities of the government and the struggle for power within it. Psychology (Greek: psyche + logos): The scientific study of the human mind and behavior. Scene (Greek: skēnē): The place where the action of a play or film takes place. Stadium (Greek: stadion): A large, open-air area with seating for spectators. Stomach (Greek: stomachos): The muscular sac-like organ in the upper left part of the abdomen that receives and partially digests food. Strategy (Greek: stratos + agein): A plan of action designed to achieve a long-term or overall aim. Symphony (Greek: syn + phōnē): A complex musical composition for a full orchestra. Theater (Greek: theatron): A building or open-air area for the performance of plays, films, or other entertainment. Theme (Greek: thema): A subject of discussion or artistic representation. Theater (Greek: theatron): A building or open-air area for the performance of plays, films, or other entertainment. Toxic (Greek: toxikon): Poisonous. Zoo (Greek: zōion): A place where animals are kept and exhibited.Wed, 10 Jul 2024 - 12min - 352 - Greek - Part One | Etymologizing common words you see in your everyday life
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My Ko-fi: https://ko-fi.com/rhetoricrevolution Send me a voice message!: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/liam-connerly TikTok:https://www.tiktok.com/@mrconnerly?is_from_webapp=1&sender_device=pc Email: rhetoricrevolution@gmail.com Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/connerlyliam/ Podcast | Latin in Layman’s - A Rhetoric Revolution https://open.spotify.com/show/0EjiYFx1K4lwfykjf5jApM?si=b871da6367d74d92List gone over today:
Academy (Greek: akadēmeia): A place of learning. Acoustics (Greek: akouo): The science of sound. Agenda (Greek: agere): A list of things to be done. Album (Greek: album): A bound collection of sheets. (Originally referred to white sheets for writing) Alphabet (Greek: alpha-beta): The basic set of letters in a writing system. Amnesia (Greek: amnēstos): Loss of memory. Anatomy (Greek: anatome): The scientific study of the body's structure. Apocalypse (Greek: apokalypsis): A disclosure or revelation. Arithmetic (Greek: arithmos): The branch of mathematics dealing with numbers. Asterisk ( Greek: asteriskos):* A star-shaped symbol (*). Automatic (Greek: automatos): Acting without external control. Biography (Greek: bios + graphein): A written account of someone's life. Catastrophe (Greek: katastrophe): A sudden and disastrous event. Chaos (Greek: chaos): Complete disorder and confusion. Chronology (Greek: chronos + logos): The study of the arrangement of events in time. Climate (Greek: klima): The weather conditions in a place over a long period. Comedy (Greek: kōmōidia): A light and humorous play. Cosmos (Greek: kosmos): The universe considered as a whole. Criteria (Greek: krinein): Standards or principles for making judgments. Democracy (Greek: demos + krátos): A form of government with rule by the people. Drama (Greek: drama): A play presenting a serious story with conflict. Ecstasy (Greek: ekstasis): A state of overwhelming happiness or joy. Echo (Greek: ḗchō): A sound reflected back. Economy (Greek: oikonomia): The management of resources. Encyclopedia (Greek: enkyklios paideia): A book containing information on all branches of knowledge. Energy (Greek: energeia): The ability to do work. Epidemic (Greek: epi + demos): A widespread occurrence of a disease. Euphoria (Greek: eu + phoros): A feeling of intense happiness and well-being. Geography (Greek: gē + graphein): The study of the Earth's surface. Geology (Greek: gē + logos): The study of the Earth's solid features. Hypothesis (Greek: hypo + tithenai): A proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence. Idea (Greek: eidos): A thought or suggestion. Logic (Greek: logos): The study of reasoning and argument. Mathematics (Greek: mathēma): The study of numbers, quantity, and space. Melody (Greek: melos): A succession of musical notes. Meteor (Greek: meteoron): A object moving through the atmosphere, often burning brightly. Museum (Greek: mouseion): A building housing a collection of objects of historical, artistic, or scientific interest. Myth (Greek: mythos): A traditional story explaining a phenomenon. Neon (Greek: neos): A new, light, inert gas element.Wed, 10 Jul 2024 - 16min - 351 - You can thank Hades for why we have the winter months (A.K.A. depression SZN) | The Myth of Persephone and Hades
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Mon, 08 Jul 2024 - 16min - 350 - Lower Body Musculature | Described and Etymologized
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1. **Gluteus Maximus**
- **Scientific Term:** Gluteus maximus
- **Etymology:** Latin "glūteus" (buttocks), "maximus" (largest)
- **Function:** Main extensor of the hip joint; involved in hip abduction and external rotation.
2. **Gluteus Medius**
- **Scientific Term:** Gluteus medius
- **Etymology:** Latin "glūteus" (buttocks), "medius" (middle)
- **Function:** Hip abduction and stabilization of the pelvis during walking.
3. **Gluteus Minimus**
- **Scientific Term:** Gluteus minimus
- **Etymology:** Latin "glūteus" (buttocks), "minimus" (smallest)
- **Function:** Hip abduction and medial rotation of the thigh.
4. **Piriformis**
- **Scientific Term:** Piriformis
- **Etymology:** Latin "piriformis" (pear-shaped)
- **Function:** Hip external rotation and abduction; helps stabilize the sacroiliac joint.
5. **Tensor Fasciae Latae (TFL)**
- **Scientific Term:** Tensor fasciae latae
- **Etymology:** Latin "tensor" (to stretch), "fasciae" (band), "latae" (wide)
- **Function:** Hip abduction and medial rotation; stabilizes the hip and knee joints.
6. **Quadriceps Femoris Group**
- **Scientific Term:** Quadriceps femoris
- **Etymology:** Latin "quadriceps" (four-headed), "femoris" (of the thigh)
- **Function:** Knee extension; helps in hip flexion and stabilization.
- **Rectus Femoris**
- **Function:** Extends the knee and flexes the hip.
- **Vastus Lateralis**
- **Function:** Extends the knee; stabilizes the patella.
- **Vastus Medialis**
- **Function:** Extends the knee; helps stabilize the patella.
- **Vastus Intermedius**
- **Function:** Extends the knee.
7. **Hamstring Group**
- **Scientific Term:** Hamstrings
- **Etymology:** Old English "ham" (back of the knee), "string" (muscle or tendon)
- **Function:** Knee flexion and hip extension.
- **Biceps Femoris**
- **Function:** Flexes knee joint and laterally rotates leg.
- **Semimembranosus**
- **Function:** Flexes knee joint and medially rotates leg.
- **Semitendinosus**
- **Function:** Flexes knee joint and medially rotates leg.
8. **Adductor Group**
- **Scientific Term:** Adductors
- **Etymology:** Latin "adductor" (to bring towards)
- **Function:** Hip adduction; stabilizes the hip joint.
- **Adductor Magnus**
- **Function:** Powerful hip adductor; assists in hip extension.
- **Adductor Longus**
- **Function:** Hip adduction; assists in hip flexion.
- **Adductor Brevis**
- **Function:** Hip adduction.
- **Gracilis**
- **Function:** Hip adduction and assists in knee flexion.
9. **Iliopsoas**
- **Scientific Term:** Iliopsoas
- **Etymology:** Greek "ilio-" (of the ilium), "psoas" (muscle of the loin)
- **Function:** Hip flexion; stabilizes the trunk and spine.
- **Iliacus**
- **Function:** Assists in hip flexion and stabilization.
- **Psoas Major**
- **Function:** Flexes hip joint and stabilizes lumbar spine.
10. **Quadratus Lumborum**
- **Scientific Term:** Quadratus lumborum
- **Etymology:** Latin "quadratus" (square), "lumborum" (of the loins)
- **Function:** Lateral flexion of the trunk; stabilizes the spine and pelvis.
Mon, 08 Jul 2024 - 26min - 349 - The (underrated) Myth of Apollo and Hyacinthus | A poignant reminder of the fleeting nature of beauty and the cyclical nature of life, death, and rebirth
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Podcast | Latin in Layman’s - A Rhetoric Revolution https://open.spotify.com/show/0EjiYFx1K4lwfykjf5jApM?si=b871da6367d74d92
Sat, 06 Jul 2024 - 15min - 348 - Part Four | Diving in "Dionysian Mystery" | The Myth of Dionysus and Pentheus
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Podcast | Latin in Layman’s - A Rhetoric Revolution https://open.spotify.com/show/0EjiYFx1K4lwfykjf5jApM?si=b871da6367d74d92
Fri, 05 Jul 2024 - 12min - 347 - Part Three | Diving into "Power" - The Myth of Dionysus and Pentheus
My links: My Ko-fi: https://ko-fi.com/rhetoricrevolution Send me a voice message!: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/liam-connerly TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@mrconnerly?is_from_webapp=1&sender_device=pc Email: rhetoricrevolution@gmail.com Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/connerlyliam/ Podcast | Latin in Layman’s - A Rhetoric Revolution https://open.spotify.com/show/0EjiYFx1K4lwfykjf5jApM?si=b871da6367d74d92
Fri, 05 Jul 2024 - 26min - 346 - Part Two | Diving into "Gender" - The Myth of Dionysus and Pentheus
Part two of diving into the myth of Dionysus and Pentheus... Recounted in the vain of The Bacchae.
Some controversial topics presented here. Remember to always be human to me and one another. Thank you
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Thu, 04 Jul 2024 - 31min - 345 - Part One | Diving into "Xenia" - The Myth of Dionysus and Pentheus
This is part one of three discussing The Bacchae and the myth of Dionysus and Pentheus. Part one deals with uniqueness, the other, the uncanny valley, and anything relating to the foreign and alien. Part two will be gender and part three will be power and rulership. My links: My patreon: https://www.patreon.com/user?u=103280827 My Ko-fi: https://ko-fi.com/rhetoricrevolution Send me a voice message!: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/liam-connerly TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@mrconnerly?is_from_webapp=1&sender_device=pc Email: rhetoricrevolution@gmail.com Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/connerlyliam/ Podcast | Latin in Layman’s - A Rhetoric Revolution https://open.spotify.com/show/0EjiYFx1K4lwfykjf5jApM?si=b871da6367d74d92
Wed, 03 Jul 2024 - 19min - 344 - The mythology of Aphrodite's birth | Why does "APHRO" refer to "Sea Foam"?
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Aphrodisiac
Etymology: From Greek "aphrodisiakos," meaning pertaining to Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love. Definition: Something that arouses or enhances sexual desire.Aphrodisia
Etymology: From Greek "aphrodisios," meaning of or pertaining to Aphrodite. Definition: Activities or things related to sensual pleasure or sexual desire.Aphrodisian
Etymology: Related to Aphrodite. Definition: Relating to love or physical desire.Aphrology
Etymology: From Greek "aphro-" (pertaining to Aphrodite) + "-logy" (study of). Definition: The study of sexual behavior or desire.Aphroditic
Etymology: From Aphrodite. Definition: Possessing qualities associated with love or beauty; relating to Aphrodite.Aphrodisiology
Etymology: From Greek "aphrodisios" (pertaining to Aphrodite) + "-logy" (study of). Definition: The study or scientific inquiry into sexual desire or arousal.Aphrodisiomania
Etymology: From Greek "aphrodisios" (pertaining to Aphrodite) + "mania" (excessive enthusiasm or desire). Definition: Excessive or uncontrollable sexual desire.Aphrodisiacal
Etymology: From Aphrodisiac. Definition: Having the properties of an aphrodisiac; arousing sexual desire.Mon, 01 Jul 2024 - 07min - 343 - I'm back! Touching base, ramblin', etymology cameos, and much more!
I hope you listen all the way through. I love y'all. Especially all the students I've had in my life.
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Mon, 01 Jul 2024 - 22min - 342 - Grammatica I.iii - Latin Nouns - First Declension - Declining
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Tue, 07 May 2024 - 10min - 341 - Grammatica I.ii - Latin Nouns - First Declension - Endings
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Tue, 07 May 2024 - 11min - 340 - Grammatica I.i - Latin Nouns - Noun Properties
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Sun, 28 Apr 2024 - 16min - 339 - Etymologizing random words of the day | Salubrious to Petrichor
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Salubrious (adj.)
Etymology: From Latin salubris, meaning "healthful, wholesome" Origin: The Latin word comes from salus, meaning "health, safety". Definition: Beneficial to health; promoting good health.Serendipity (n.)
Etymology: Coined by Horace Walpole in 1754, combining the Persian fairy tale "The Three Princes of Serendip" (present-day Sri Lanka) with the word "discovery". Origin: An invented word based on a story about fortunate discoveries by chance. Definition: The occurrence and development of events by chance in a happy or beneficial way.Lachrymose (adj.)
Etymology: From Latin lacrima, meaning "tear" + -osus, meaning "full of". Origin: Derived from the word for tears, highlighting the connection to sadness or crying. Definition: Inclined to weep or be tearful; sad.Penumbra (n.)
Etymology: From Latin paene, meaning "almost" + umbra, meaning "shadow". Origin: Literally translates to "almost shadow", referring to the partially shaded region around a complete shadow. Definition: The partially shaded outer region of a shadow, where the light source is only partly obscured.Petrichor (n.)
Etymology: Modern scientific term coined in 1964 from Greek petra meaning "stone" + ichor, the fluid that flowed in the veins of the gods in Greek mythology. Origin: A newly created word to describe a pleasant smell associated with rain on dry ground. Definition: The pleasant smell that sometimes accompanies rain, especially the first rain after a long period of dryness.Fri, 26 Apr 2024 - 13min - 338 - Post-Apocalyptic & Radiation Words: Etymology and Definitions
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Fallout:
Fallout (n.): Radioactive debris from a nuclear explosion ([Latin] fallout: "a falling out"). Detonation (n.): The sudden, violent explosion of a bomb ([Latin] detonare: "to thunder out"). Nuclear (adj.): Of or relating to the nucleus of an atom ([Latin] nucleus: "kernel"). Fission (n.): The splitting of a heavy atomic nucleus into smaller nuclei, releasing a large amount of energy ([Latin] fissio: "a cleaving"). Mushroom Cloud (n.): The distinctive cloud formed by a nuclear explosion, resembling a mushroom ([Latin] mushrum: "fungus").Post-Apocalyptic:
Post-Apocalyptic (adj.): Occurring after a large-scale societal collapse ([Greek] apokalypsis: "uncovering, revelation" + [Latin] post: "after"). Apocalypse (n.): A catastrophic event that brings about the end of civilization as we know it. Dystopia (n.): An imagined future society characterized by authoritarian control, oppression, poverty, and misery ([Greek] dys: "bad, ill" + topos: "place"). Wasteland (n.): A barren, desolate area of land ([Old English] wēste: "desert, waste" + land). Scavenger (n.): Someone who searches for and collects discarded objects ([Old French] escavanger: "to dig out").Radiation:
Radiation (n.): The emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as particles ([Latin] radiare: "to emit rays"). Radioactive (adj.): Exhibiting the property of radioactivity ([Latin] radiare + activus: "active"). Radioactivity (n.): The spontaneous disintegration of atomic nuclei, releasing energy in the form of radiation. Isotope (n.): Atoms of an element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons ([Greek] isos: "equal" + topos). Half-Life (n.): The time it takes for a quantity of a radioactive material to decrease by half ([Old English] half + līf: "life, duration").Other Related Words:
Mutation (n.): A permanent change in the genetic material of a cell or organism ([Latin] mutare: "to change"). Dosimeter (n.): An instrument that measures the amount of ionizing radiation a person or object has been exposed to ([Greek] dosis: "a giving" + metron: "measure"). Mutant (n.): An organism with a mutation in its genetic material ([Latin] mutare + -ant: "one who does something"). Contamination (n.): The pollution of something by a harmful substance ([Latin] contaminare: "to defile, to sully"). Survival (n.): The act of continuing to live or exist, often after a period of danger or difficulty ([Latin] supervivere: "to live beyond").Thu, 25 Apr 2024 - 20min - 337 - Applying Latin and Greek Prefixes and Suffixes to Medical Nomenclature
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Wed, 24 Apr 2024 - 24min - 336 - A list of Latin and Greek Prefixes to implement in later episodes (w/ mainly Medical Nomenclature) | Tons of information
Latin Prefixes
*Hook Word (mnemonic for memorization)
A-, Ab-; away from
Absent (word hook)
Ad-; to, towards
addition
Ambi- (Ambo-, amb-, am-, an-); around, on both sides
ambivalent
Ante-; before, forward
antebellum
Antero-, anterior; before, front or forward part (Anterior)
(see: antero-)
Bi- (bis-, bin-); twice
Bicycle
Circum-; around
circumference
Contra- (Counter- often before vowels); against, opposite
contraindicated
De-; down from, away
deficient
Extra-, extro-; beyond, on the other side, outer (extrapulmonary, extraligamentous)
external, extraordinary
Infra-; below, lower (Inferior,infraspinatus, infrascapular, infracostal)
Inferior
Inter-; between (intervascular, interosseous)
interloper
Intra-; within, inside, during (intracervical)
Intra-racism
Juxta-; beside (juxtarticular, juxtaspinal)
Juxtaposition
Ob- (o-, oc-, op-); against, in the way, facing (occiput)
object, objective
Post-; after, behind (Posterior, Postcerebral, postnatal)
poster
Postero-; behind (Posterior,posterolateral, posterosuperior)
postscript
Prae- (pre); before, in front of (precordium)
preclude
Retro-; backward, behind (retroflexion, retronasal)
retrograde
Semi-; half (semiorbicular)
semicircle
Sub- (suc-, suf-, sup, sus-); under, below, near, somewhat (subdorsal, subcutis)
submarine
Super- (sur-); over, above (Superior)
superior
Supra-; Above, upon (supra-axillary, supraspinatus, suprapelvic)
(see: super-)
Trans- (often tran- before ‘s’); across, through (Transverse,transverse Abdominous, tranverse plane)
Transcript
Ultra-, ultro-; beyond, excessive (ultraligation, ultrasetaceous)
ultra-runner, ultraviolet
Greek Prefixes
An, A-; not, without (anemia)
absent
Amphi-; around about (amphibian)
amphibian
Ana-, ano-; up, back, again (aneurysm)
analysis
Anti- (anth-); against, resisting
antagonist
Apo-; from, separation (apostasies: STA- “to stand”)
apostle
Arche-, archi-; first, chief (archiplasm)
architype
Cata- (cath-) or kata-; down, lower, under (catabolic)
catastrophe
Di-; twice, twofold (dimorphic)
diameter (two radii)
Dia-; through, across, apart (diameter, diagnosis)
diameter
Dicha-; in two, double (dichotomy)
dichotomy
Dys-; bad, difficult, hard, disordered (dysfunction)
dysfunction
Ek-, ex-; out form, outside (exophthalamus)
eccentric
Ekto-; without, on the outside (ectomere, ectopia)
(see: ek-, ex-)
En- (em-); in, within, among (endemic)
energy
Endo-; within (endothelium)
endocrine
Ento-; within (entotic: OT- “ear”)
entropic (see: endo-)
Epi-; upon, on (epidermis)
epidemic
Eso-; inward, within (esotropic, esotoxin)
esoteric
Eu-; we, good, normal (eugenics)
euphony
Exo-; outside, outward, outer (exocolitis)
exotic
Hemi-; half, partly (hemialgia: ALGOS – “pain”)
hemisphere
Hyper-; above, over, excessive (hyperemic, hypertrophy)
hyperactive
Hypo-; low, under, below (hyponatremia)
hypocrite
Meta-, (meth-); after, among, beyond, behind (metacarpal: KARPOS – “wrist”)
metaphysical, metaphor, method
Opistho-; behind (opithognathism)
optic
Pali(n)-; back, again, once more (palikinesia: KINE – “movement”)
palindrome
Para-; by the side of, near (paranoia: NOOS, “mind”)
paranoia
Peri-; around (periosteum)
Periodontal (bone or tissue AROUND tooth)
Pro-; before, in front of, forward (prophase)
professional
Pros-; to, in addition, near (prosencephalon: ENCEPHALON, brain)
prosthetic
Proso-, prostho-; forward, before, in front of (prosoplasia)
prosthetic
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Tue, 23 Apr 2024 - 24min - 335 - Just etymologizing words for the sake of it! (Words in show notes)
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"Pathos" (-pathy)is a Greek word that means "suffering" or "experience/feeling." Here are some words that are derived from it:
Empathy: the ability to understand and share the feelings of another person. Etymologically, "empathy" comes from the Greek "empatheia," which means "passion" or "state of emotion."
Sympathy: feelings of pity and sorrow for someone else's misfortune. Etymologically, "sympathy" comes from the Greek "sympatheia," which means "feeling with someone else."
“sym-/syl-/syn-” = “together/with”
syllable
Synonym
“Homo” - “same”;
homonym-
Bat (baseball)
Bat (creature)
Pathetic: evoking feelings of pity, sadness, or sorrow. Etymologically, "pathetic" comes from the Greek "pathetikos," which means "capable of feeling."
Pathology: the study of diseases and their effects. Etymologically, "pathology" comes from the Greek "pathologia," which means "study of suffering."
-OLOGY;
Biology - “the study of life”
Scientology - “the study of knowing”
Science
Conscientious - “with what’s known”
Con-artist
Connotation
Connect - “bound with/together”
Apathy: lack of interest, enthusiasm, or emotion. Etymologically, "apathy" comes from the Greek "apatheia," which means "freedom from suffering."
“a-/ab” - “without” + “feeling”
Antipathy: a strong feeling of dislike or aversion towards someone or something. Comes from the Greek roots "anti" (against) and "pathos."
Pathetic fallacy: a literary device in which inanimate objects are given human emotions or characteristics to reflect the mood of a scene. Comes from the Greek roots "pathos" and "phallos" (deception).
Empathetic: the ability to understand and share the feelings of another person. Comes from the Greek roots "em" (in) and "pathos."
Pathogen: a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease. Comes from the Greek roots "pathos" and "gen" (to produce).
Genos (n.) - “type,class,clan”
Generation
Geneology
Gender
Pathognomonic: a symptom or sign that is characteristic of a particular disease. Comes from the Greek roots "pathos" and "gnomon" (indicator).
Sympathetic: showing or feeling concern for someone else's suffering. Comes from the Greek roots "syn" (together) and "pathos."
Apathetic: showing or feeling no interest, enthusiasm, or concern. Comes from the Greek roots "a" (not) and "pathos."
These words all have their roots in the Greek word "pathos," but they have taken on different meanings and connotations over time. Despite their differences, they all share a common thread of emotion and feeling
Mon, 22 Apr 2024 - 18min - 334 - Echo and Narcissus | A diving further into its etiological implications
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Sun, 21 Apr 2024 - 20min - 333 - The myth of Perseus and Andromeda | The power of love and sacrifice
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Sun, 21 Apr 2024 - 14min - 332 - Etymology of "THESIS" and "KINESIS" | From positions to movements
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Fri, 19 Apr 2024 - 11min - 331 - Etymology of "SYN-/SYL-/SYM-" | Greek's preposition "together/with"
Hope you learned something new!
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Gut Guardian Discount Code:https://www.feelgoods.co/discount/LIAM64728Fri, 19 Apr 2024 - 14min - 330 - Etymologizing words associate with love, friendship, philos, and more! | Feat. Heated Ramble-Bamble in-lue of an intro
My links: My patreon: https://www.patreon.com/user?u=103280827 My Ko-fi: https://ko-fi.com/rhetoricrevolution Send me a voice message!: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/liam-connerly TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@mrconnerly?is_from_webapp=1&sender_device=pc Email: rhetoricrevolution@gmail.com Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/connerlyliam/ Podcast | Latin in Layman’s - A Rhetoric Revolution https://open.spotify.com/show/0EjiYFx1K4lwfykjf5jApM?si=b871da6367d74d92 Gut Guardian Discount Code: LIAM64728 __________________________________________________ Romance Definition: A feeling of excitement and mystery associated with love. Etymology: From Old French "romans" meaning "verse narrative," from Vulgar Latin "romanice," literally "in the Roman language," hence "in the vernacular language," as opposed to "in Latin." Ultimately derived from Latin "Romanus," meaning "Roman." Amour Definition: French for love; a romantic attachment or love affair. Etymology: From Old French "amor," from Latin "amor," meaning "love." Eros Definition: In Greek mythology, Eros is the god of love, representing sexual desire and passion. Etymology: From Greek "Eros," meaning "sexual love." Agape Definition: Unconditional love, often associated with spiritual or selfless love. Etymology: From Greek "agape," meaning "love." Philos Definition: A type of love characterized by friendship and affection. Etymology: From Greek "philos," meaning "dear, beloved." Limerence Definition: The state of being infatuated or obsessed with another person, typically experienced as intense romantic attraction. Etymology: Coined by psychologist Dorothy Tennov in the 1970s, derived from the name of the Irish town Limerick. Yearning Definition: A feeling of intense longing or desire, especially for something unattainable or distant. Etymology: From Old English "gearnian," meaning "to long after," ultimately from Proto-Germanic "gernijaną." Saudade Definition: A Portuguese word describing a deep emotional state of longing or nostalgia, often accompanied by melancholy. Etymology: From Portuguese "saudade," of uncertain origin. Pining Definition: To suffer a lingering, often nostalgic, affection or longing. Etymology: From Middle English "pyne," meaning "pain, torment," ultimately from Old English "pīn." Inamorata Definition: A woman with whom one is in love or has an intimate romantic relationship. Etymology: From Italian "innamorata," the feminine form of "innamorato," meaning "enamored." Paramour Definition: A lover, especially one who is not married to the object of their affection. Etymology: From Old French "par amour," meaning "by love." Ephemeral Definition: Lasting for a very short time; transient. Etymology: From Greek "epi," meaning "upon" or "for" + "hemera," meaning "day," suggesting something lasting only for a day. Melancholy Definition: A feeling of pensive sadness, typically with no obvious cause. Etymology: From Middle English "melancolie," from Old French "melancolie," from Late Latin "melancholia," from Greek "melancholia," meaning "sadness." Cupid Definition: In Roman mythology, the god of love, often portrayed as a winged, chubby boy with a bow and arrows. Etymology: From Latin "cupido," meaning "desire" or "passion." Desire Definition: A strong feeling of wanting to have something or wishing for something to happen. Etymology: From Latin "desiderare," meaning "long for, wish for." Longing Definition: A strong feeling of wanting something or someone, often accompanied by sadness or dissatisfaction. Etymology: From Middle English "longen," meaning "to belong." Yearn Definition: To have an intense feeling of longing for something, typically something that one has lost or been separated from. Etymology: From Old English "gearnian," meaning "to desire, to long for."
Fri, 19 Apr 2024 - 32min - 329 - Easter, Religious, and Evangelical Etymology | Happy Easter Omnes!
My links: My patreon: https://www.patreon.com/user?u=103280827 My Ko-fi: https://ko-fi.com/rhetoricrevolution Send me a voice message!: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/liam-connerly TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@mrconnerly?is_from_webapp=1&sender_device=pc Email: rhetoricrevolution@gmail.com Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/connerlyliam/ Podcast | Latin in Layman’s - A Rhetoric Revolution https://open.spotify.com/show/0EjiYFx1K4lwfykjf5jApM?si=b871da6367d74d92 Gut Guardian Discount Code: LIAM64728 Resurrection: Etymology: "Resurrection" is derived from the Latin word "resurrectio," which combines "re-" (again) and "surrectio" (rising), ultimately from the Latin verb "surgere" (to rise). Definition: Resurrection refers to the belief in the rising of Jesus Christ from the dead, or more broadly, the concept of coming back to life after death. Liturgy: Etymology: "Liturgy" is derived from the Greek word "leitourgia," meaning "public service" or "the work of the people," from "leitos" (public) and "ergon" (work). Definition: Liturgy refers to the prescribed form of public worship or religious service, especially in Christian traditions. Sacrament: Etymology: "Sacrament" comes from the Latin word "sacramentum," meaning "a solemn oath" or "a sacred rite," possibly derived from "sacrare" (to consecrate). Definition: A sacrament is a religious ceremony or ritual regarded as outward and visible signs of inward and spiritual grace, particularly in Christianity. Doctrine: Etymology: "Doctrine" is derived from the Latin word "doctrina," meaning "teaching" or "instruction," from "doctor" (teacher). Definition: Doctrine refers to a set of beliefs or principles taught and maintained by a religious, political, or philosophical group. Catechism: Etymology: "Catechism" is derived from the Greek word "katekhizein," meaning "to instruct orally," and the suffix "-ism," indicating a system, belief, or practice. Definition: A catechism is a summary of religious doctrine often in the form of questions and answers, used for instruction, especially in preparation for confirmation or baptism. Epiphany: Etymology: "Epiphany" is derived from the Greek word "epiphaneia," meaning "manifestation" or "appearance," from "epi" (upon) and "phainein" (to show). Definition: Epiphany refers to the Christian feast day commemorating the revelation of Jesus Christ to the Gentiles, represented by the visit of the Magi, or more broadly, a sudden realization or insight. Redemption: Etymology: "Redemption" is derived from the Latin word "redemptio," meaning "a buying back" or "ransom," from "redimere" (to buy back). Definition: Redemption refers to the act of saving or delivering from sin, evil, or suffering, particularly in Christian theology through the atonement of Jesus Christ.
Fri, 19 Apr 2024 - 21min - 328 - On the Myth of Sisyphus | Was his trickery hubris?
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Fri, 19 Apr 2024 - 23min - 327 - The Abduction of Persephone | The reminders of duality in this life
My links: My patreon: https://www.patreon.com/user?u=103280827 My Ko-fi: https://ko-fi.com/rhetoricrevolution Send me a voice message!: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/liam-connerly TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@mrconnerly?is_from_webapp=1&sender_device=pc Email: rhetoricrevolution@gmail.com Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/connerlyliam/ Podcast | Latin in Layman’s - A Rhetoric Revolution https://open.spotify.com/show/0EjiYFx1K4lwfykjf5jApM?si=b871da6367d74d92 Gut Guardian Discount Code: LIAM64728 In a time shrouded in the mists of myth, where mortals and gods walked hand in hand, bloomed Persephone, daughter of Demeter, the goddess of harvest. Her laughter echoed through sun-drenched fields, her smile brighter than the noonday sun. Amongst meadows bursting with life, she danced with nymphs, her beauty rivaling the blooming flora. One day, as Persephone wove a crown of wildflowers, the earth split open. From the abyss, emerged Hades, the somber god of the underworld. His chariot, drawn by ebony steeds, cast an unsettling shadow on the vibrant landscape. Before Persephone could scream, Hades, captivated by her beauty, swept her into his chariot and vanished into the depths of the earth. Demeter, sensing a terrible loss, searched high and low for her daughter. The once fertile fields withered under her grief, crops failing, and a chill settling upon the land. Helios, the sun god, witnessed the descent but dared not defy Hades. Days bled into weeks, then months, Demeter's cries unanswered. In her despair, she neglected her divine duty, plunging the world into a desolate winter. On Mount Olympus, the other gods trembled under Demeter's wrath. The world, deprived of life-giving harvests, teetered on the brink of chaos. Zeus, the king of gods, intervened. He dispatched Hermes, the swift messenger, to the underworld, demanding Persephone's return. Hades, however, presented a cunning challenge. Unknown to Persephone, he had tricked her into eating a pomegranate seed, the fruit of the underworld, binding her to his realm. A compromise was struck – Persephone would spend six months with Hades, the underworld blooming in her presence, and six months with Demeter, bringing life back to the earthly plane. And so, the cycle began. Spring bloomed with Persephone's return, summer thrived in her joyful presence. But as autumn painted the leaves, a melancholic yearning settled within her. With each descent, a single pomegranate seed lingered in her stomach, a bittersweet reminder of her dual life.
Fri, 19 Apr 2024 - 27min - 326 - On feeling seen | Addressing a question via voice message!
Thank you Madeline, for the sweet and amazing voice message. I want to entertain these more often. Thank you for helping me feel seen, truly.
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Tue, 16 Apr 2024 - 25min - 323 - The myth of Jupiter and the Bee
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Mon, 15 Apr 2024 - 16min - 322 - We always find a way | The Myth of Heracles
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Thu, 11 Apr 2024 - 18min - 321 - The Myth of Scylla and Charybdis | Charting our course through the turbulent seas of life
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Thu, 11 Apr 2024 - 11min - 320 - Cognates & Derivatives from "METRON"
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Wed, 10 Apr 2024 - 08min - 319 - Etymologizing the Greek Root "TELE-"
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Tue, 09 Apr 2024 - 10min - 318 - Exploring the intricacies of King Midas | On being a giver vs. a taker
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Tue, 09 Apr 2024 - 16min - 316 - Cognates, derivatives, and history on Greek's root word "TROPOS"
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Sun, 07 Apr 2024 - 12min - 315 - Etymologizing he Latin verb "fero, ferre, tuli, latum" | A highly versatile and irregular verb that means "to bear" or "to carry"
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Inferior: Below or lower in position. In anatomy, it refers to structures situated toward the feet or tail.
Etymology: From Latin "inferus," meaning low or below.
Suffer: To endure or experience pain, injury, or distress.
Etymology: From Latin "sufferre," composed of "sub-" (under) and "ferre" (to bear).
Transfer: To move or convey from one place to another.
Etymology: From Latin "transferre," composed of "trans-" (across) and "ferre" (to bear).
Reference: Something that refers or relates to another thing.
Etymology: From Latin "referre," composed of "re-" (back) and "ferre" (to bear).
Confer: To compare or consult with others.
Etymology: From Latin "conferre," composed of "cum" (with) and "ferre" (to bear).
Deferent Duct: Part of the male reproductive system that carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.
Etymology: "Deferent" comes from Latin "deferens," present participle of "deferre" (to carry away).
Efferent: Carrying away from a central organ or structure.
Etymology: From Latin "efferens," present participle of "efferre" (to carry out).
Ferrous: Relating to iron, often used in the context of iron-containing compounds.
Etymology: From Latin "ferrum," meaning iron.
Translation: The process of converting genetic information from mRNA to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis.
Etymology: From Latin "translatio," meaning carrying across.
Proliferate: To multiply or increase rapidly.
Etymology: From Latin "prolifer," combining "proles" (offspring) and "ferre" (to bear).
Circumference: The boundary of a circular area.
Etymology: From Latin "circumferentia," composed of "circum" (around) and "ferre" (to bear).
Pestiferous: Carrying or bringing disease.
Etymology: From Latin "pestifer," combining "pestis" (plague) and "ferre" (to bear).
Luciferase: An enzyme that produces light, often used in bioluminescent assays.
Etymology: From Latin "lucifer," combining "lux" (light) and "ferre" (to bear).
Sulfuriferous: Carrying or containing sulfur.
Etymology: From Latin "sulfur" (sulfur) and "ferre" (to bear).
Fertile: Capable of bearing offspring or producing abundant crops.
Etymology: From Latin "fertilis," derived from "ferre" (to bear).
Sat, 06 Apr 2024 - 20min - 314 - Etymologizing Everything about Greek's "plasia/plassein" | "To shape, form, grow"
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Plasticity: The quality or condition of being pliable or moldable, often used to refer to brain plasticity. Etymologically, from the Greek “plassein”, meaning “to shape or form”.
Plastic: Any synthetic material composed of polymers that can be molded into various shapes and forms. Etymologically, from the Greek “plassein”, meaning “to shape or form”.
Plasterer: A worker who applies plaster or plasterboard to interior walls and ceilings. Etymologically, from the Greek “plassein”, meaning “to shape or form”.
Plasmon: A collective oscillation of free electrons in a metal or other conductor. Etymologically, from the Greek “plassein”, meaning “to shape or form”.
Plasticize: To make a material more plastic or pliable. Etymologically, from the Greek “plassein”, meaning “to shape or form”.
Plastid: An organelle found in eukaryotic cells that is responsible for the synthesis, storage, and/or metabolism of specific nutrients. Etymologically, from the Greek “plassein”, meaning “to shape or form”.
Plasmolysis: The shrinking of a cell when placed in a concentrated solution, resulting in dehydration. Etymologically, from the Greek “plassein”, meaning “to shape or form”.
Plasmodium: A genus of parasitic protists that can cause diseases in humans, such as malaria. Etymologically, from the Greek “plassein”, meaning “to shape or form”.
Plasmin: An enzyme that helps dissolve the clotting of blood during the healing process. Etymologically, from the Greek “plassein”, meaning “to shape or form”.
Plasmapheresis: A medical procedure involving the removal of plasma from the blood and its replacement with a plasma substitute. Etymologically, from the Greek “plassein”, meaning “to shape or form”.
Plastron: The bony or armored ventral surface of the body in a turtle or tortoise. Etymologically, from the Greek “plassein”, meaning “to shape or form”.
Plasticizer: A substance added to a material to increase its flexibility, workability, and/or durability. Etymologically, from the Greek “plassein”, meaning “to shape or form”.
Hyperplasia (Greek root: hyper, "over, above, excessive" + plassein, "to form, mold")
Actual Definitions
1. Excessive or abnormal cell growth or multiplication of cells in an organ or tissue due to increased activity of the cells.
2. Enlargement of an organ due to increased cell proliferation.
Etymological Definitions
1. Hyperplastic: Having cells which form abnormally or excessively.
2. Hyperplastically: Characterized by or caused by excessive or abnormal cell growth or multiplication.
Sat, 06 Apr 2024 - 11min - 313 - Etymologizing Greek's prefix "EPI-" | "Upon, above, after, over"
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Epiphany:
Etymology: From Greek "epiphaneia," meaning manifestation or appearance.
Significance: Represents a sudden, profound realization or insight.
Epistemology:
Etymology: Derived from Greek "epistēmē," meaning knowledge.
Significance: Refers to the branch of philosophy that explores the nature and limits of human knowledge.
Epilogue:
Etymology: Comes from Greek "epilogos," meaning conclusion.
Significance: The concluding section of a literary work, providing closure or reflection.
Epitome:
Etymology: Rooted in Greek "epitomē," meaning abridgment or summary.
Significance: Represents a perfect example or embodiment of a particular quality.
Epistolary:
Etymology: Derived from Greek "epistolē," meaning letter.
Significance: Relates to the form of communication through letters or literary works in the form of letters.
Epiphysis:
Etymology: From Greek "epiphysis," meaning growth upon.
Significance: In anatomy, refers to the growth plate at the end of long bones in children.
Epigenetics:
Etymology: Combines Greek "epi-" (over, above) with genetics.
Significance: Study of heritable changes in gene function that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence.
Epicenter:
Etymology: From Greek "epi-" (upon) + "kentron" (center).
Significance: The point on the Earth's surface directly above the earthquake's point of origin.
Epistaxis:
Etymology: Derived from Greek "epi-" (upon) + "stazein" (to drip).
Significance: Medical term for nosebleed.
Epithet:
Etymology: Comes from Greek "epitheton," meaning attributed or added.
Significance: A descriptive term or phrase expressing a quality characteristic of the person or thing mentioned.
Fri, 05 Apr 2024 - 14min - 310 - Etymologizing the culinary world and all things related to Gastronomy
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Cuisine:
Etymology: "Cuisine" comes from the French word "cuisiner," meaning "to cook," ultimately from the Latin word "coquere," meaning "to cook" or "to prepare food." Definition: Cuisine refers to a style or method of cooking, especially characteristic of a particular region or culture.Culinary:
Etymology: "Culinary" is derived from the Latin word "culinarius," meaning "of the kitchen" or "related to cooking," from "culina" (kitchen). Definition: Culinary describes anything related to cooking, food preparation, or the kitchen.Cookery:
Etymology: "Cookery" is derived from the Old English word "cocery," from "coc" (cook), ultimately from the Latin word "coquere," meaning "to cook." Definition: Cookery refers to the art or practice of cooking and preparing food.Gastronomy:
Etymology: "Gastronomy" comes from the Greek words "gastron," meaning "stomach," and "nomos," meaning "law" or "rule." Definition: Gastronomy is the study of the relationship between food and culture, including the art and science of cooking and eating well.Chef:
Etymology: "Chef" is derived from the French word "chef," meaning "chief" or "head," ultimately from the Latin word "caput," meaning "head." Definition: A chef is a professional cook who is in charge of a kitchen or a particular section of a kitchen, typically skilled in culinary arts.Culinarian:
Etymology: "Culinarian" combines "culinary" and the suffix "-ian," indicating "related to" or "pertaining to." Definition: A culinarian is someone who is skilled in cooking or involved in culinary arts, particularly as a profession.Pastry:
Etymology: "Pastry" comes from the Old French word "paste," meaning "dough," ultimately from the Latin word "pasta," meaning "paste" or "dough." Definition: Pastry refers to a dough of flour, water, and shortening used as a base and covering in baked dishes such as pies, tarts, and pastries.Bake:
Etymology: "Bake" is derived from the Old English word "bacan," meaning "to bake," possibly from the Proto-Germanic word "bakanan." Definition: To bake means to cook food by dry heat, typically in an oven.Casserole:
Etymology: "Casserole" comes from the French word "casserole," meaning "saucepan" or "stewpan," from "casse" (pan) and the diminutive suffix "-ole." Definition: A casserole is a dish made by cooking ingredients, typically including meat, vegetables, and a starchy binder, slowly in an oven.Saute:
Etymology: "Saute" is derived from the French word "sauter," meaning "to jump" or "to leap," possibly from the Latin word "saltare," meaning "to leap" or "to dance." Definition: To saute means to cook food quickly in a small amount of oil or fat over high heat, while stirring or tossing.Gourmet:
Etymology: "Gourmet" comes from the French word "gourmet," meaning "a connoisseur of fine food and drink," possibly from the Old French word "gromet," meaning "servant" or "boy." Definition: A gourmet is someone who is knowledgeable and discriminating in matters of food and drink, particularly with regard to quality and taste.Mince:
Etymology: "Mince" is derived from the Old French word "mincier," meaning "to make small" or "to cut into small pieces," possibly from the Latin word "minutia," meaning "smallness" or "trifle." Definition: To mince means to chop or cut food, especially meat, into very small pieces.Mon, 01 Apr 2024 - 17min - 308 - Echo and Narcissus | It's love, not vanity, that sustains us through the trials of life
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Fri, 05 Apr 2024 - 13min - 306 - Romulus and Remus - The heirs to both the mortal and divine | Etiologically explained
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In the cradle of time, amidst the whispers of ancient gods and the rustle of the Tiber's waters, there arose a tale both grand and eternal — the myth of Romulus and Remus. Listen, for within its folds lies the genesis of a mighty empire, woven with threads of destiny, betrayal, and the indomitable spirit of mankind.
Once, in the heart of Italia, where hills kissed the sky and forests whispered secrets, there dwelled a vestal princess named Rhea Silvia. She, ordained by fate and bound by duty, tended the sacred flames of Vesta, her beauty radiant as the dawn, her spirit as untamed as the wind.
But the gods, in their capricious dance, cast their gaze upon her, and Mars, the god of war, was ensnared by her allure. Beneath the moon's soft glow, amidst the silken whispers of night, their love blazed fierce and forbidden. And from this union, twin sons were born — Romulus and Remus, heirs to both mortal and divine.
Yet, fate, ever a master weaver, ordained a cruel twist. For jealousy festered in the hearts of men, and Amulius, the usurper king, sought to quench the flame of their divine lineage. Thus, the babes were cast adrift upon the currents of the Tiber, cradled by the river's gentle embrace.
But the river, in its wisdom, bore them to safety, where they were discovered by a she-wolf, fierce and noble, who suckled them as her own, her heart stirred by a primal bond that transcended blood.
Raised in the wild, amidst the whispers of the forest and the ancient songs of the earth, Romulus and Remus grew strong, their spirits unyielding as the mountains, their destiny intertwined with the very fabric of Rome itself.
Years passed, and the brothers, forged in the crucible of adversity, emerged as champions of their people, their names whispered in reverence, their deeds etched upon the annals of time.
But destiny, like a river's course, is oft fraught with treacherous bends. Ambition stirred within their hearts, a tempestuous fire that threatened to consume them whole. For Romulus, emboldened by visions of grandeur, sought to raise a city, a beacon of civilization amidst the untamed wilderness.
And so it was, upon the Palatine Hill, that the foundations of Rome were laid, the soil stained with sweat and sacrifice, the echoes of hammer and chisel ringing through the ages.
But the bond of brotherhood, once unbreakable, now strained beneath the weight of ambition and pride. In a moment of madness, amidst the clash of swords and the cries of men, fratricide stained the earth, a crimson testament to the fragility of mortal bonds.
Yet, from the ashes of tragedy, a phoenix rose, for Rome, like her founders, was forged in the crucible of strife. And so, Romulus, with a heavy heart and eyes cast skyward, ascended to the heavens, where he became a god, immortalized in the annals of legend.
Sun, 03 Mar 2024 - 24min - 305 - Bedtime Stories and Myths | Icarus and Daedalus
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Podcast | Latin in Layman’s - A Rhetoric Revolution https://open.spotify.com/show/0EjiYFx1K4lwfykjf5jApM?si=b871da6367d74d92
Fri, 26 Jan 2024 - 18min - 304 - Taking a few Latin words and etymologizing them in a sultry tone (ASMR-like)
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Podcast | Latin in Layman’s - A Rhetoric Revolution https://open.spotify.com/show/0EjiYFx1K4lwfykjf5jApM?si=b871da6367d74d92
Fri, 26 Jan 2024 - 21min - 303 - Words Derived from "Phylax": A Journey into Guardianship
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Podcast | Latin in Layman’s - A Rhetoric Revolution https://open.spotify.com/show/0EjiYFx1K4lwfykjf5jApM?si=b871da6367d74d92
The Greek word "phylax" (φύλαξ), meaning "watcher, guard, sentinel, guardian, keeper, protector," has woven its way into the very fabric of the English language, offering us a rich tapestry of words relating to protection, observation, and defense. Let's delve into some of these fascinating linguistic gems:
Direct Derivatives:
Phylactic: (adjective) Protective, preserving, tending to guard against disease or harmful influences. (e.g., Phylactic measures implemented during a pandemic)
Aphylaxis: (noun) The absence of natural defenses against disease or pathogens. (e.g., Immunodeficiency disorders cause aphaxia)
Prophylaxis: (noun) Preventive measures taken to protect against disease or infection. (e.g., Vaccinations are a form of prophylaxis)
Phylactocarp: (noun) A type of fruit with a tough outer covering that protects the seeds inside. (e.g., Walnuts are phylactocarps)
Phylactolaematous: (adjective) Describing a group of aquatic mosses with protective capsules enclosing their reproductive organs.
Extended Family:
Protectorate: (noun) A country under the protection of another, usually more powerful, country. (e.g., The British Protectorate of North Borneo)
Sheriff: (noun) A high-ranking law enforcement officer in a county or region. (Etymology: Old English "scirerefa," meaning "shire-reeve" - guardian of the shire)
Philanthropy: (noun) The love of humanity, manifested in charitable acts. (Etymology: "philos" - loving, "anthropos" - human)
Phylar: (noun) A leader of a tribe or clan, often associated with military duties. (e.g., In ancient Sparta, the Phylarchoi led the Moirai)
Phylary: (noun) A tribe or clan, especially in ancient Greece. (e.g., The Athenians were divided into phylai)
Fiancé(e): (noun) A person to whom one is engaged to be married. (Etymology: French "fié(e)," from Latin "fidare" - to trust)
Spy: (noun) A person employed to secretly obtain information on an enemy or rival. (Etymology: Old French "espier," possibly from Latin "specere" - to look)
Metaphorical Extensions:
Safeguard: (verb) To protect or keep something safe from harm. (Metaphor: A guard standing before a safe)
Shelter: (noun) A place providing protection from danger or bad weather. (Metaphor: A roof sheltering people from the rain)
Vigilance: (noun) The state of keeping watchful and alert. (Metaphor: A sleepless guard vigilant against enemies)
Defend: (verb) To protect someone or something from attack or harm. (Metaphor: A warrior defending a castle)
Etymology in Action:
Phylactic: The "k" at the end is a remnant of the Greek suffix "-ikos," meaning "of or relating to." Therefore, phylactic translates to "of or relating to a guard or protector."
Philanthropy: The word combines "philos" (loving) and "anthropos" (human), literally meaning "love of humanity." This reflects the underlying principle of caring for and protecting one's fellow humans.
Sheriff: The journey from "phylarch" to "sheriff" shows how language adapts over time. The Old English "scirerefa" directly translates to "shire-reeve," showcasing the historical role of a sheriff as the guardian of a shire (an administrative division).
Sun, 21 Jan 2024 - 07min - 302 - Cunning Odysseus | The conclusion to a ten-year war
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Podcast | Latin in Layman’s - A Rhetoric Revolution https://open.spotify.com/show/0EjiYFx1K4lwfykjf5jApM?si=b871da6367d74d92
Sat, 20 Jan 2024 - 22min - 301 - With a New Year comes a new Q&A
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Podcast | Latin in Layman’s - A Rhetoric Revolution https://open.spotify.com/show/0EjiYFx1K4lwfykjf5jApM?si=b871da6367d74d92
Sat, 06 Jan 2024 - 57min - 300 - It’s either one day, or it’s day one
My links: My patreon: https://www.patreon.com/user?u=103280827 My Ko-fi: https://ko-fi.com/rhetoricrevolution Send me a voice message!: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/liam-connerly TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@mrconnerly?is_from_webapp=1&sender_device=pc Email: rhetoricrevolution@gmail.com Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/connerlyliam/ Podcast | Latin in Layman’s - A Rhetoric Revolution https://open.spotify.com/show/0EjiYFx1K4lwfykjf5jApM?si=b871da6367d74d92 Artwork credit goes to one of my amazing supporters and individuals I tutor. One of my homie g’s! @godlover aka. Leo Hardt ❤️
Sat, 30 Dec 2023 - 19min - 299 - A random episode etymologizing a list of random English words!
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Podcast | Latin in Layman’s - A Rhetoric Revolution https://open.spotify.com/show/0EjiYFx1K4lwfykjf5jApM?si=b871da6367d74d92
acrobat
From the word akri (άκρη — “tip” or “edge”) and the verb vaino (βαίνω — “to walk”), an acrobat is someone who walks on the edge, often on tiptoe.
cemetery
A lot of Greek words used in English like to disguise themselves as Old French or Latin. Don’t let looks deceive you, though: This example actually comes from the Greek word koimame (κοιμάμαι — “to sleep”), which is also the root of another word, koimitirion (κοιμητήριο — “dormitory”). Is it creepy, then, that we call our final places of rest “dormitories for the dead”? Perhaps.
cynicism
The word "cynicism" comes from the Greek word "kynikos," which means "dog-like." This is because the Cynics, a school of ancient Greek philosophy, were known for their simple, ascetic lifestyle and their outspoken criticism of social conventions. They were often compared to dogs, who were seen as independent and untamed creatures.
The Cynics were founded by Antisthenes, a student of Socrates. Antisthenes believed that the only true good was virtue, and that everything else was a distraction. He argued that people should live in accordance with nature, which meant rejecting material possessions, social status, and even family ties.
The most famous Cynic was Diogenes of Sinope. Diogenes lived in a barrel and begged for food. He was known for his sharp wit and his willingness to challenge conventional wisdom. He once famously told Alexander the Great to "get out of my sun," when the king came to visit him.
The Cynics were a minority movement, but they had a significant influence on later philosophers, such as the Stoics and the Epicureans. Their ideas about virtue, simplicity, and independence continue to be relevant today.
democracy
Ahh, good old democracy. Combining demos (δήμος — “people”) and kratos (κράτος — “power”), the meaning of this quintessential Greek word used in English is simply put: power to the people!
Wed, 20 Dec 2023 - 25min - 298 - The Myth of Circe - On redemption and growth, even in the most enigmatic and formidable people
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Podcast | Latin in Layman’s - A Rhetoric Revolution https://open.spotify.com/show/0EjiYFx1K4lwfykjf5jApM?si=b871da6367d74d92
PREVIEW: In an era where the gods of Mount Olympus held dominion over the cosmos and mortal tales unfolded beneath the watchful gaze of divine entities, the myth of Circe emerged as a haunting saga of sorcery, transformation, and the intricacies of morality. This is the enchanting tale of a sorceress whose name resonates through the corridors of time—a name that evokes both fear and fascination: Circe.
Born of the sun god Helios and the nymph Perse, Circe emerged into existence with an otherworldly charm that set her apart from her divine kin. The enchanting beauty that graced her countenance was matched only by her burgeoning mastery of magic—an art she explored with an insatiable curiosity that bordered on the reckless.
Circe's abode was the mystical island of Aiaia, a place nestled far from the prying eyes of mortals. Here, she immersed herself in the arcane arts, honing her powers until they surpassed the wildest imaginations of gods and mortals alike. Aiaia became a realm of myth and mystery, where the air crackled with the energy of sorcery, and the lush landscapes hid secrets known only to its sorceress mistress.
As Circe delved deeper into the secrets of magic, her powers grew exponentially, and her fame, or infamy, spread across the divine realms. She became known for her ability to transform those who trespassed upon her island, turning men into beasts and unraveling the very fabric of their existence. It was this reputation that garnered the attention of the hero Odysseus and his crew, whose ill-fated journey would become entwined with the destiny of Circe.
Odysseus, a mortal hailed for his cunning and courage, sailed the wine-dark seas on his epic quest to return home after the fall of Troy. His fame reached the ears of Circe, and as the hero and his crew approached Aiaia, the sorceress's intrigue mingled with a sense of foreboding. Here, on the cusp of destiny, the threads of their fates intertwined.
The sailors, unaware of the perils that awaited them, landed on Aiaia's shores, enticed by the allure of the island's mystique. Circe, weaving her spells with an ethereal grace, welcomed the strangers into her palace. Yet, beneath the veneer of hospitality, a darker purpose stirred within her. For Circe, whose powers had elevated her to a status transcending mortal and divine, harbored a deep-seated loneliness that yearned for connection.
As the feasting and revelry unfolded within the opulent halls of Circe's abode, the sorceress subtly infused her potions into the drinks of Odysseus's crew. In an instant, the unsuspecting men underwent a grotesque transformation, their human forms contorting into bestial shapes. The once-proud sailors found themselves imprisoned in the bodies of swine.
Odysseus, immune to Circe's enchantments through divine intervention, stood alone amid the bewildering scene. The hero, resolute and undeterred, confronted Circe in her palace, demanding the restoration of his men. Circe, unaccustomed to defiance, found herself both intrigued and challenged by the mortal's audacity..........
Tue, 19 Dec 2023 - 25min - 297 - Evaluating Psyche's "Hubris" - Was it Hubris or was it human endeavor that rewarded her to dance amongst the cosmos!
It's explicit (this time around) because I say the word "ass" in it.
Quite a Ramble-Bamble if I do say so myself.
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Podcast | Latin in Layman’s - A Rhetoric Revolution https://open.spotify.com/show/0EjiYFx1K4lwfykjf5jApM?si=b871da6367d74d92
Mon, 18 Dec 2023 - 27min - 296 - The Greek root "OSMO-" | Etymologized!
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Podcast | Latin in Layman’s - A Rhetoric Revolution https://open.spotify.com/show/0EjiYFx1K4lwfykjf5jApM?si=b871da6367d74d92
Osmosis
Definition: The movement of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
Etymology: Derived from the Greek "osmos" (push) and the suffix "-osis" (a process or condition).
Osmolarity
Definition: The concentration of solute particles in a solution, expressed in osmoles per liter.
Etymology: Combined from "osmos" and the suffix "-ity" (condition or quality).
Osmoregulation
Definition: The control of water and solute balance in an organism, allowing it to adapt to different environments.
Etymology: Derived from "osmos" and the Latin word "regulare" (to regulate).
Osmometer
Definition: A device used to measure the osmotic pressure of a solution.
Etymology: Combines "osmos" with the Greek word "metron" (measure).
Osmophile
Definition: An organism that thrives in environments with high osmotic pressures, such as those with high sugar concentrations.
Etymology: Combines "osmos" with the Greek word "philein" (to love).
Osmophyte
Definition: A plant adapted to environments with high osmotic pressure, often found in saline or arid conditions.
Etymology: Combines "osmos" with the Greek word "phyton" (plant).
Osmotherapy
Definition: Medical treatment involving the adjustment of osmotic pressure in bodily fluids to manage conditions like edema.
Etymology: Combines "osmos" with the Greek word "therapeia" (healing).
Osmolality
Definition: A measure of the concentration of osmotically active particles per kilogram of solvent in a solution.
Etymology: Combines "osmos" with the suffix "-lality" (state or condition).
Osmundine
Definition: A substance derived from the root of the cinnamon fern, used in traditional medicine.
Etymology: Named after the fern genus "Osmunda," likely due to its use in osmotic regulation.
Osmoclasis
Definition: The breaking of cell walls due to changes in osmotic pressure.
Etymology: Combines "osmos" with the Greek word "klasis" (breaking).
Osmotaxis
Definition: The directed movement of an organism in response to a gradient of osmotic pressure.
Etymology: Combines "osmos" with the Greek word "taxis" (arrangement).
Osmophoresis
Definition: The movement of particles through a membrane driven by osmotic pressure.
Etymology: Combines "osmos" with the Greek word "phoresis" (conveyance).
Osmophagy
Definition: The ingestion of substances by a cell or organism through osmosis.
Etymology: Combines "osmos" with the Greek word "phagein" (to eat).
Sat, 16 Dec 2023 - 20min - 295 - The myth of Eros and Psyche - A reading of my own writings and discussion thereafter on the many aspects embedded within the story of unparalleled love
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Podcast | Latin in Layman’s - A Rhetoric Revolution https://open.spotify.com/show/0EjiYFx1K4lwfykjf5jApM?si=b871da6367d74d92
PREVIEW: In the time when gods and goddesses walked the celestial realms, and mortals marveled at their divine presence, there existed a tale that transcended the boundaries between the ethereal and the earthly—a narrative woven with threads of love, envy, and the trials of the human soul. This is the myth of Eros and Psyche, an allegory that delves into the intricacies of love, the fragility of trust, and the enduring strength of the human spirit.
In the opulent city of a mortal king, there lived a woman of unparalleled beauty named Psyche. Her radiance surpassed that of the goddess Aphrodite herself, stirring the envy and ire of the divine mistress of love and beauty. The citizens of the kingdom, captivated by Psyche's allure, began to neglect the worship of Aphrodite, whose temples stood abandoned as the people's adoration shifted toward the mortal maiden.
Unable to tolerate this affront to her divine ego, Aphrodite concocted a plan to humble the mortal who dared eclipse her glory. She summoned her son, Eros, the mischievous god of love, and bade him to unleash an arrow of irresistible desire into Psyche's heart, causing her to fall in love with a creature so wretched and vile that her beauty would be squandered on an unworthy match.
However, as Eros took aim with his enchanted arrow, he beheld Psyche's radiant countenance and was himself ensnared by the potent magic. Struck by his own creation, Eros found himself madly in love with the mortal beauty he was supposed to condemn. Succumbing to a forbidden passion, he concealed his true identity from Psyche, visiting her only in the shadowy veil of night.
Psyche, blissfully unaware of her divine suitor, lamented her loneliness, longing for a true love that would fill her days with joy and companionship. Rumors of her unearthly beauty reached far and wide, and suitors from distant lands sought her hand, only to be turned away by the king, who feared offending the gods.
As the years passed, Psyche's solitude grew, and her kingdom fell into despair. Desperate to appease the gods and secure a worthy match for his daughter, the king consulted an oracle, seeking guidance on how to appease the divine wrath that loomed over his kingdom.
The oracle, attuned to the cosmic currents, revealed a dire prophecy: Psyche was destined to marry a monster so terrifying that even the bravest of men would cower at the sight. The king, burdened by the weight of destiny, resigned himself to the inevitable and made the somber announcement that Psyche would be wedded to a monstrous suitor.
Fri, 15 Dec 2023 - 41min - 294 - The Myth of Orpheus and Eurydice - On love and the profound nature it has on us
My links: My patreon: https://www.patreon.com/user?u=103280827 My Ko-fi: https://ko-fi.com/rhetoricrevolution Send me a voice message!: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/liam-connerly TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@mrconnerly?is_from_webapp=1&sender_device=pc Email: rhetoricrevolution@gmail.com Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/connerlyliam/ Podcast | Latin in Layman’s - A Rhetoric Revolution https://open.spotify.com/show/0EjiYFx1K4lwfykjf5jApM?si=b871da6367d74d92 In the hallowed annals of Grecian myth, a tale unfolds like a haunting melody, resonating through the corridors of time—an eternal aria that weaves the delicate strands of love, loss, and the ineffable power of music. At the heart of this narrative is the ethereal union of Orpheus, a virtuoso of the lyre whose strings bespoke divine harmony, and Eurydice, a nymph whose radiance rivaled the luminescence of the heavens. In the verdant meadows of Thessaly, where zephyrs whispered secrets through the rustling leaves, Orpheus and Eurydice, enraptured by the symphony of their affection, pledged vows that resonated like celestial notes in the grand opus of their existence. Their love was a garden of rare blossoms, each petal infused with the fragrance of immortal passion, and their days were an idyllic sonnet inscribed upon the parchment of time. Yet, as fate, that capricious muse, would have it, shadows cast their ephemeral gloom upon this idyll. Eurydice, frolicking in sylvan glades, became ensnared in the coils of an untimely demise—a serpent's venomous kiss stealing her from the terrestrial realm. Orpheus, bereft of the light that danced in her eyes, felt his world crumble like a lyre's string severed by an unseen hand. Yet, in the crucible of sorrow, a tempest of resolve stirred within the heart of Orpheus. Armed with the lyre bestowed upon him by Apollo, whose heavenly strains could charm the very cosmos, he embarked upon a pilgrimage to the somber realm of Hades—a journey where even the boldest mortals dared not tread. The Stygian waters whispered their ominous counsel, yet Orpheus pressed on, guided solely by the resolute melody of his undying devotion. As the Gates of Hades swung ajar, Orpheus, with lyre in hand, addressed the Lord and Lady of the Underworld. His music, a celestial lament that traversed the chasms of despair, moved even the hearts of the stoic gods. Hades, with a visage stern as granite, granted Orpheus an audience, moved by the pathos woven into the very fabric of his verses. With dulcet strains that plucked at the soul's most profound chords, Orpheus implored Hades and Persephone to release Eurydice from the shadowy abyss. His melody, a poignant plea that reverberated through the vaults of Tartarus, touched the very essence of existence. Even the Furies, with their feral countenances, were momentarily stilled by the harmonic sorcery that encapsulated the chamber of judgment. And so, the gods relented, offering a celestial reprieve—but with a caveat cast in the solemnity of divine decree. Orpheus, granted the chance to reclaim his beloved, was admonished not to gaze upon her until they ascended to the luminous embrace of the upper world..........
Sun, 10 Dec 2023 - 12min - 293 - The Myth and Moral Implications of Theseus and the Minotaur - Applied both classically and within modernity
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Podcast | Latin in Layman’s - A Rhetoric Revolution https://open.spotify.com/show/0EjiYFx1K4lwfykjf5jApM?si=b871da6367d74d92
The Story of Theseus and the Minotaur
The story of Theseus and the Minotaur is one of the most famous myths in Greek mythology. It tells the tale of a young Athenian hero who slays a fearsome monster, freeing his people from a terrible curse.
The story begins with King Minos of Crete, who was angered by the Athenians for the murder of his son, Androgeus. In revenge, Minos demanded that the Athenians send him a tribute of seven young men and seven young women every nine years. These youths were to be sacrificed to the Minotaur, a half-man, half-bull monster that lived in the Labyrinth, a vast and confusing maze built by the craftsman Daedalus.
One year, Theseus, the son of King Aegeus of Athens, volunteered to be one of the tributes. He was determined to slay the Minotaur and free his people from the curse.
When Theseus arrived in Crete, he was met by Ariadne, the daughter of King Minos. Ariadne had fallen in love with Theseus and she agreed to help him. She gave him a ball of thread, which he could use to find his way through the Labyrinth.
Theseus entered the Labyrinth and followed the thread. He eventually found the Minotaur and fought the monster to the death. He killed the Minotaur with his sword and escaped from the Labyrinth with the help of Ariadne.
Theseus and Ariadne fled Crete and sailed back to Athens. They were greeted as heroes and Theseus was crowned king. He married Ariadne and they ruled Athens together for many years.
The Moral Implications of the Myth
The myth of Theseus and the Minotaur has a number of moral implications. It teaches us that courage, strength, and determination can overcome even the greatest challenges. It also teaches us that love and friendship can be powerful forces for good.
In classical antiquity, the myth of Theseus and the Minotaur was used to promote the idea of civic duty. Theseus was seen as a model citizen who was willing to sacrifice himself for the good of his people. The myth also served as a warning against the dangers of tyranny. King Minos was seen as a tyrannical ruler who imposed his will on others through violence and fear.
The myth of Theseus and the Minotaur is still relevant today. It teaches us that we should never give up hope, even in the face of seemingly insurmountable odds. It also teaches us that we should always stand up to tyranny and injustice.
How the Myth Applies to Modernity
The myth of Theseus and the Minotaur can be applied to a number of modern-day issues. For example, it can be seen as a metaphor for the fight against terrorism. The Minotaur can be seen as a symbol of terrorism, while Theseus can be seen as a symbol of the people who fight against terrorism. The myth teaches us that we can overcome terrorism if we are brave, strong, and determined.
The myth can also be applied to the fight against other forms of injustice, such as racism, sexism, and homophobia. The Minotaur can be seen as a symbol of these forms of injustice, while Theseus can be seen as a symbol of the people who fight against them. The myth teaches us that we can overcome injustice if we are brave, strong, and determined.
The myth of Theseus and the Minotaur is a powerful story that has been told for centuries. It is a story of courage, strength, determination, love, and friendship. It is a story that can inspire us to overcome any challenge, no matter how great.
Sat, 09 Dec 2023 - 37min - 292 - Case Usage in Latin - Isolating a single word and translating in order to understand why we have cases and how it changes the structure of a singular noun in ten different ways
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- Nominative(Subject) capr-a “The goat” (Comes at beginning of sentence)
- Genitive(Possessive Noun) Capr-ae (TAKE STEM FROM) “The goat’s” or “Of the goat”
- Dative(Indirect Object) caprae “to/for the goat”
- Accusative(Direct Object) capram “The goat” (comes after the verb)
- Ablative(Preposition-al Phrase) caprā “by, with, from, near, alongside the goat”
Capra,-ae(f);
A - Nominative Singular Form
Ae - Genitive Singular Form
Identify the noun’s genitive singular form. (-ae)
Remove the genitive singular ending to find the noun’s stem. (capr-)
Add endings from the noun’s declension to decline it in a certain case and number.
Thu, 07 Dec 2023 - 19min - 291 - Discussing the etymology, history, and definitions of - Dislocation, subluxation, and some medical terms associated with bodily injuries
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Dislocation:
Etymology: The word "dislocation" comes from the Latin roots "dis-" meaning "apart" or "away," and "locare" meaning "to place." The combination implies a displacement or separation.
Definition: According to Google, dislocation refers to the displacement of a bone from its normal position in a joint.
Subluxation:
Etymology: "Subluxation" originates from the Latin "sub-" meaning "under" or "below" and "luxatio" meaning "a dislocation." Together, it signifies a partial or incomplete dislocation.
Definition: Google defines subluxation as a partial dislocation of a joint, where the articulating surfaces are still partially in contact.
Luxation:
Etymology: The term "luxation" comes from the Latin "luxatio," meaning "a dislocation" or "displacement."
Definition: Luxation is a synonym for dislocation, referring to the complete displacement of a bone from its joint.
Reduction:
Etymology: The word "reduction" has Latin roots; "re-" means "back" or "again," and "ducere" means "to lead" or "to bring." In the context of dislocations, reduction means bringing the displaced bones back to their normal position.
Definition: According to Google, reduction is the restoration of a dislocated or fractured body part to its normal position.
Articulation:
Etymology: "Articulation" comes from the Latin "articulatio," derived from "articulus" meaning "a joint" or "a small part."
Definition: In the medical context, articulation refers to the connection between bones, especially at a joint.
Capsule:
Etymology: The term "capsule" has Latin origins, from "capsula," meaning "a small box" or "container."
Definition: Google defines a capsule as a membranous structure enveloping a body part, such as a joint capsule surrounding a joint.
Labrum:
Etymology: "Labrum" comes from the Latin word for "lip."
Definition: In the medical context, a labrum refers to a lip-like edge, often used to describe the cartilaginous rim around the edge of a joint socket.
Meniscus:
Etymology: The term "meniscus" has Greek roots; "meniskos" means "crescent" or "little moon."
Definition: Google defines a meniscus as a crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure in certain joints, especially the knee.
Sprain:
Etymology: "Sprain" has uncertain origins but might be related to the Middle English word "spreyne," meaning to cause a sudden jerk or twist.
Definition: According to Google, a sprain is the stretching or tearing of ligaments, often caused by a sudden twist or wrench.
Sun, 03 Dec 2023 - 14min - 290 - Latin Grammar Mini-Series | Lesson 21 - The Perfect Passive System
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________________________________________________________
There are two rules which you should remember here:
(1) the present-tense passive second person singular in third conjugation has a short -ĕ-, producing the ending -ĕris, whereas the future has a long -ē-, producing an -ēris ending;
(2) the present passive infinitive in third and third-io conjugations has no -r-. It ends in just -i, as in duci (“to be led”).
Disicupuli, here we reap the rewards of our hard work earlier. Back in Chapter 18, we covered the present passive system of third, third-io and fourth conjugations, so there's no new grammar to learn here.
There's a mandatory long mark in the future second-person singular of the passive system in third conjugation, where the long -ē- in the future form -ēris has a mandatory long mark in order to distinguish it from the present, -ĕris. So for example:
agĕris means “you are driven” as opposed to agēris, ”you will be driven.” But that's virtually the only complexity you'll face here.
And here's one last thing to remember about the passive system in these conjugations: the infinitive in third and third-io conjugations is signaled by an ending of just one letter, -i, producing forms like agi, “to be driven,” or iaci, “to be thrown.”
It's important to distinguish these from a very similar-looking form, the first singular perfect active, so that duxi(“I have led”) needs to be carefully distinguished from duci(“to be led”), grammatically very different forms.
Similarly, agi(“to be driven”) must be carefully distinguished from egi(“I have driven”) and in third-io, iaci (“to be thrown”) versus ieci (“I have thrown”).
Sun, 03 Dec 2023 - 08min - 289 - Ramblin', touching on random thoughts, and diving into my Podcast "Wrapped"
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Sat, 02 Dec 2023 - 40min - 288 - Latin Grammar Mini-Series | Lesson 19: Perfect Passive Verbs
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There are two important rules to remember here:
(1) the fourth principal part of the verb ─ that is, the perfect passive participle ─ represents past action and is translated “having been whatevered,” for example, “having been praised”;
(2) the perfect passive participle plus a form of the verb “to be” is the formula for creating a perfect passive finite verb.
Compared to the present passive, the perfect passive is remarkably straightforward. It involves only two verb elements: the fourth principal part of the verb, plus a form of esse (“to be”). The fourth principal part, which finally comes into play after all the chapters you’ve been memorizing it, is actually the perfect passive participle: “perfect” meaning that the action has already been completed, and “passive” meaning it imports a sense of the passive voice.
When it stands alone, it’s translated as “having been (whatever-the-verb-is)” ─ “loved,” for instance: “having been loved.”
The other component of the perfect passive is a form of the verb “to be.” If that form is a finite verb like sum or es, it makes the perfect passive form a finite verb form. Thus, the form of the verb “to be” imports personand number─ if it’s sum, it’s first person singular; if it’s es, it’s second person singular, and so on.
Also, to a certain extent, it imports tense as well, because by changing the tense of the verb “to be” you can change the tense of a perfect passive verb within the perfect passive system ─ that is, make it perfect, pluperfect or future perfect, according to which tense of sum you use.
Therefore, forming a perfect passive verb is quite simple: See, you take the:
(1) perfect passive participle and then...
(2) you add a form of the verb “to be”: sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt.
Because of this, everyperfect passive verb form will alwaysconsist of two separate words. There’s that!
Let’s do an example to get a better idea: How about we take the fourth principal part of the verb amo, amo, amare, amavi, amatus(This is how it would appear if you were to look up “amo” in a latin dictionary.) Now, let’s add a form of the verb “to be” (how about “sum”) and ta-da, you have the perfect passive of “love”: amatus sum, which translates literally as “I have been loved.”
As for the perfect passive participle, there are two elements to note when looking at its construction. First of all, its tense value. Because the participle represents an action that has occurred in the past, it translates “having been whatever-ed,” in the case of amatus, “having been loved.” So when a perfect passive participle like amatus is added to the present tense of the verb “to be” (sum), it means literally: sum (“I am”) amatus (“having been loved”). In other words, “I exist right now (sum) in a state in which I was once the object of someone’s affection (amatus).” Where Latin puts the past-tense value in the participle “having been loved,” English puts that same past value in the form of the verb “to be”: “I have been.” Thus, “I am having been loved” is the grammatical equivalent of “I have been loved.”
An example of a Latin verb, amo, conjugated in the perfect passive:
amatus, -a, -um sum; “I have been loved,”
amatus, -a, -um es; “you have been loved”
amatus, -a, -um est; “he/she/it has been loved”
amati, -ae, -a sumus; “we have been loved,”
amati, -ae, -a estis; “y’all have been loved”
amati, -ae, -a sunt; “they have been loved”
Thu, 30 Nov 2023 - 17min - 287 - Latin Grammar Mini-Series | Lesson 19 - The Fourth Declension
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Lesson 20: Fourth Declension
There is one important rule to remember here:
(1) Fourth declension contains u-stem nouns which are almost all masculine in gender.
Fourth declension is Latin's u-stem declension in which almost all the nouns are masculine in gender. Ironically, the one major exception is probably the most commonly used fourth-declension noun, manus, manūs, f., meaning “hand.”
This declension is unique to Latin. Among Indo-European languages, there really isn't anything exactly like it. Seen from the long view linguistically, it was a short-lived attempt by the Romans to create a distinctive u-stem declension, and the experiment didn't turn out well. By historical standards, fourth declension didn't last long. As early as the fourth century CE, fourth-declension forms were beginning to be subsumed into second declension, and by the end of the classical age the declension had begun to disappear altogether.
Unfortunately, even though it wasn’t used all that much within the classical age, it was still a fully active form, so you have to know it (I know…)Here are the endings for fourth declension:
-us -ūs,
-ūs -uum
-ui -ibus
-um -ūs
-u -ibus
Notice how you can’t escape the strong presence of -u-. It dominates eight of the ten forms, producing what has to be the most distinctive genitive plural ending in Latin: -uum.
But if you think of memorizing the fourth declension endings with the formula: the base ending in -u-, plus the third declension endings added on. Looking at it that way can save you some time memorizing endings.
Fourth declension also includes a few neuter nouns. Here are the endings:
-u -ua
-us -uum
-u -ibus
-u -ua
-u -ibus.
And here's a fourth declension neuter noun fully declined:
cornu cornua
cornūs cornuum
cornu cornibus
cornu cornua
cornu cornibus
Note: there are no mandatory long marks here.
The Ablative of Separation
The term “ablative” denotes “separation” in Latin: ab- means “from”; -lat- means “carry, go.” Thus, the original use of the ablative was to indicate where something came from. Other uses like means and objects of prepositions developed later. In other words, the ablative of separation shows the oldest, the original, use of the ablative. The ablative of separation naturally occurs with verbs that have a built-in sense of separation, like the verb careo which means “lack,” for example, pecuniā careo, “I lack money,” literally “I am separate from money.” Notice the lack of any preposition in this construction. So when a word in the ablative has no preposition and its meaning denotes that two things are apart from each other ─ for instance, “me” and “money” ─ then that use of the ablative is called “the ablative of separation.”
Wed, 22 Nov 2023 - 17min - 286 - Latin Grammar Mini-Series | Lesson 18 - The Present Passive System
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________________________________________________________
There are three important rules to remember here:
(1) the subject is acted upon in a passive sentence;
(2) the letter ‘r’ is the most common indicator of the passive voice in the Latin present tense system;
(3) passive verbs expect agents.
Ok, let’s start with the basics. Passive is a voice. It’s the opposite of active. Simple. I could say it also complements the “yin” to active’s “yang,” but I don’t care much to do so. Anyways, in essence, what the passive voice does is move the action of the verb backwards toward the subject rather than forward toward a direct object. Conversely, active verbs move the action of the verb from the subject toward a direct object. Thus, in principle, passive verbs do not take direct objects. In English, passive verb forms typically involve some form of the verb “to be,” such as:
“I am praised,” which is passive, vs. “I praise,” which is active. “
we were warned,” which is passive, as opposed to “we warned,” which is active.
“they will be held,” which is passive, as opposed to “they will hold,” which is active.
Note: It’s important in English to recognize that when “be” is added to a verb form, it doesn’t always make the verb passive. The addition of a form of the verb “to be” can also make the verb continual.
Here’s how to tell those forms apart: a “be” form, combined with a verb that has a participle ending “-ing,” is active, whereas a “be” form, combined with a verb that has a participle ending “-ed,” is passive.
For example: “I am praising” which is active, vs. “I am praised, being praised” which is passive; or the active form “we were warning” vs. the passive form “we were warned.” There’s a very easy way to be certain you’re dealing with a passive form and not a continual form: if it makes sense to add “by someone” after the verb form.
Now let’s look at how the passive voice works grammatically. We’ll start with an active sentence: “Students study Latin.” If we take the active verb “study” and we make it passive by adding the verb “to be” and adding “-ed” to the end of the verb with the result that “study” becomes “is studied,” then turn the direct object of the active sentence “Latin” into the subject of the passive sentence, we end up with the passive sentence “Latin is studied.” Notice it means the same thing: Latin is being studied. But it leaves one thing out: who is doing the studying? If you want to include that in the passive sentence, you must take the subject of the active form (“students”), put it after the passive verb (“is studied”), and append “by” to the front of “students.” The result is: “Latin is studied by students.” The grammatical term for “by students” is the agent. We’ll chat more about that later.
Notice that, while both sentences say the same thing, the action of the verb runs in exact opposite directions.
In the activesentence, it moves from left to right, from the subject to the direct object.
But when the verb is changed to passive, the action runs right to left, toward the subject and from the agent.
Verbs that don't take direct objects are called “intransitive.”
Just like English, Latin also has intransitive verbs, of which one major subset is linking verbs. Remember, linking verbs take predicates, not direct objects. Therefore, they can't be made passive. There's no direct object to be converted into the subject, a.k.a. you can't be “be-ed.”
Wed, 22 Nov 2023 - 26min - 285 - Part Three of the Ramble-Bambles | Addressing questions from Instagram followers
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Sat, 18 Nov 2023 - 24min - 284 - Part Two of the Ramble-Bambles | Addressing questions asked from Instagram followers
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Sat, 18 Nov 2023 - 22min - 283 - Part One of the Ramble-Bambles | Answering questions from Instagram followers
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Sat, 18 Nov 2023 - 36min - 282 - Etymologizing the Greek root "hyper-" (ὑπέρ) = "over," "above," "beyond," or "excessive"
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1. Hyperactive:
- Definition: Excessively or abnormally active.
- Etymology: "Hyper" (over, above) + "active" (from Latin "activus," meaning active).
2. Hyperbole:
- Definition: Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.
- Etymology: "Hyper" (beyond, over) + "bole" (throwing, casting) from the Greek word "bolḗ," originally related to throwing, hence exaggeration.
3. Hypercritical:
- Definition: Excessively or unreasonably critical.
- Etymology: "Hyper" (excessive) + "critical" (from Latin "criticus," meaning able to judge).
4. Hyperextend:
- Definition: To extend a joint or limb beyond its normal or healthy range of motion.
- Etymology: "Hyper" (beyond) + "extend" (from Latin "extendere," meaning to stretch out).
5. Hypermarket:
- Definition: A large retail store that offers a wide variety of products, typically including groceries and other goods.
- Etymology: "Hyper" (above, beyond) + "market" (from Latin "mercatus," meaning a place of trade).
6. Hyperplasia:
- Definition: An abnormal increase in the number of cells or tissues in an organ.
- Etymology: "Hyper" (excessive) + "plasia" (from Greek "plásis," meaning a molding or forming).
7. Hyperthermia:
- Definition: Abnormally high body temperature, often caused by illness or environmental factors.
- Etymology: "Hyper" (above, beyond) + "thermia" (from Greek "thermē," meaning heat).
8. Hyperlink:
- Definition: A reference or navigation element in an electronic document that links to another location.
- Etymology: "Hyper" (over, above) + "link" (referring to connecting one element to another).
9. Hyperrealism:
- Definition: A style of art or literature that depicts details with such precision that it appears more real than reality.
- Etymology: "Hyper" (excessive) + "realism" (from Latin "realis," meaning real).
10. Hyperopia:
- Definition: A vision condition, also known as farsightedness, where distant objects are seen more clearly than close ones.
- Etymology: "Hyper" (beyond) + "opia" (from Greek "ops," meaning eye).
11. Hyperglycemia:
- Definition: High levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood, often associated with diabetes.
- Etymology: "Hyper" (excessive) + "glycemia" (from Greek "glukus," meaning sweet or sugar).
12. Hyperbolic:
- Definition: Exaggerated or overemphasized in a way that goes beyond reality.
- Etymology: "Hyper" (beyond) + "bolic" (from Greek "ballein," meaning to throw).
13. Hyperdrive:
- Definition: A fictional propulsion system in science fiction that allows spacecraft to travel at faster-than-light speeds.
- Etymology: "Hyper" (excessive) + "drive" (referring to the mechanism that powers a vehicle).
14. Hypernationalism:
- Definition: An extreme form of nationalism characterized by an excessive devotion to one's own nation.
- Etymology: "Hyper" (excessive) + "nationalism" (from Latin "natio," meaning nation).
15. Hyperurbanization:
- Definition: The rapid and excessive growth of cities and urban areas.
- Etymology: "Hyper" (excessive) + "urbanization" (from Latin "urbanus," meaning relating to the city).
16. Hypercritical:
- Definition: Excessively or unreasonably critical.
- Etymology: "Hyper" (excessive) + "critical" (from Latin "criticus," meaning able to judge).
Tue, 14 Nov 2023 - 27min - 281 - Latin with Modernity | Legal Terminology - Translated and explained
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1. Ab Initio - From the Beginning
Translation: From the beginning
Definition: Used to describe a situation that is valid and binding from the start, or that has always been in effect.
Etymological Definition: Latin, "from the beginning".
2. Actus Reus - Guilty Act
Translation: Guilty act
Definition: A guilty act or omission that is the basis for criminal liability.
Etymological Definition: Latin, "guilty act".
3. Ad Litem - For the Suit
Translation: For the suit
Definition: Used to refer to a person appointed to represent another in a legal action.
Etymological Definition: Latin, "for the suit".
4. Ad Nauseam - To the Point of Nausea
Translation: To the point of nausea
Definition: Used to describe an action or argument that is repeated to the point of tedium or disgust.
Etymological Definition: Latin, "to the point of nausea".
5. Amicus Curiae - Friend of the Court
Translation: Friend of the court
Definition: A person or organization that is not a party to a case, but is permitted to offer information to the court that may help in deciding the case.
Etymological Definition: Latin, "friend of the court".
6. Caveat Emptor - Let the Buyer Beware
Translation: Let the buyer beware
Definition: A principle that the buyer, rather than the seller, is responsible for checking the quality and suitability of goods before purchase.
Etymological Definition: Latin, "let the buyer beware".
7. Corpus Delicti - Body of the Crime
Translation: Body of the crime
Definition: The actual components of a crime that must be proven in order to establish guilt.
Etymological Definition: Latin, "body of the crime".
8. De Facto - In Fact
Translation: In fact
Definition: Used to describe a situation that is true in practice even if it is not officially recognized.
Etymological Definition: Latin, "in fact".
9. Ex Post Facto - After the Fact
Translation: After the fact
Definition: Used to describe laws or regulations that are applied retroactively.
Etymological Definition: Latin, "after the fact".
10. Habeas Corpus - You Have the Body
Translation: You have the body
Definition: A legal action used to bring a person before a court to determine if they are being detained lawfully.
Etymological Definition: Latin, "you have the body".
Sat, 11 Nov 2023 - 11min - 280 - Latin Grammar Mini-Series | Lesson 17 - Relative Pronouns and Clauses
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Podcast | Latin in Layman’s - A Rhetoric Revolution https://open.spotify.com/show/0EjiYFx1K4lwfykjf5jApM?si=b871da6367d74d92
There is one rule ─ one very important rule! ─ to remember in this lesson.(1) A relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in number and gender but not case; it derives its case from its use in its own clause. OK, kiddies! Vacation's over. Hope you enjoyed the rest that you had with Chapters 14-16.
"Clause" refers to a dependent or subordinate thought or sentence which is embedded inside another thought or sentence. (nice…) When the clause is called subordinate or dependent, it means it can't stand alone grammatically. Therefore, if I said "When I'm in bed,…" ─ yeah, you kinda go like “Well, what?,” because it's not a full thought. “Although you tried,” …? While I think I know where you're going with that, just to be safe, you ought to try finishing the grammar … “as they say.” I think you get the point. The presence of subordinating conjunctions like "when, although, as" turn sentences like "I'm home," "You tried," "They say" into clauses which cannot stand alone.
Moving on to the term "relative." So, this term is used for the type of clause we're studying in this chapter, refers to a certain sort of subordinate clause, one which begins with what grammarians call a “relative pronoun.” English has a number of relative pronouns, primarily "who" and "which." But also "what" and "that" can sometimes function as relative pronouns and, as we'll soon discover, in English even the absence of a relative pronoun can indicate the beginning of a relative clause... (double that “nice”…) A relative pronoun is called “relative” because it relates a subordinate thought to a noun outside the relative clause. To put it in more layman's terms (see what I did there?), the entire clause functions as a sort of large, complex adjective modifying that noun, which is called its antecedent, and just like an adjective, the whole relative clause describes or defines that noun.
Antecedentsget their name from the fact that they tend to cede(“come”)ante("before") the relative clause that modifies them. Before we take the next step and look at how relative pronouns and antecedents interact, and even how the Latin relative pronoun is formed, let's make certain that you understand the English side of the equation fully, that’s always my modus operandi. English uses its relative pronoun forms (who, which, what) both as relative pronouns and as interrogatives (question words). But while these forms are identical, their grammatical function couldn't be more different.
Interrogativepronouns are used in independent thoughts such as "What are you doing?," where "what" introduces a question that's a full thought, versus "what you are doing" which is not a full thought. It needs an independent sentence to attach to, such as "It is wrong," creating a full thought: "What you're doing is wrong.” There, "what" is functioning as a relative pronoun.
Therefore in English, it's important to ask yourself, whenever you run into "who, which, what," if that "w-" word is introducing a question, and thus part of the main sentence.
If so, it's interrogative, not relative. This is mostly true of Latin as well, and you'll learn very quickly how to tell whether a "w-" word is interrogative or relative from context.
Sat, 11 Nov 2023 - 35min - 279 - Part Two of a HIGHLY Requested Q&A/Ramble-Bamble Episode
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Podcast | Latin in Layman’s - A Rhetoric Revolution https://open.spotify.com/show/0EjiYFx1K4lwfykjf5jApM?si=b871da6367d74d92
Thu, 09 Nov 2023 - 49min - 278 - Part One of a HIGHLY Requested Q&A/Ramble-Bamble Episode
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Podcast | Latin in Layman’s - A Rhetoric Revolution https://open.spotify.com/show/0EjiYFx1K4lwfykjf5jApM?si=b871da6367d74d92
Sun, 29 Oct 2023 - 38min - 277 - Addressing a list of (24) Latin words, their meanings, and a few English derivatives associated with each
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Podcast | Latin in Layman’s - A Rhetoric Revolution https://open.spotify.com/show/0EjiYFx1K4lwfykjf5jApM?si=b871da6367d74d92
aequus [L]; equal | equal, equation
ago, acta [L]; do, things done | agent, enact, transact
anthropos [G]; man, human | anthropology, misanthrope
ars [L]; art | artist, artifact
brevis [L]; short | brevity, abbreviate
canto [L]; sing | chant, cantor
caput [L]; head | captain, decapitate
clino [L]; to lean, bend | incline, decline
cognito [L]; know | cognizant, recognize
copia [L]; plenty | copy, copious
credo [L]; believe | credible, incredulous
culpa [L]; blame | culpable, culprit
dominus [L]; a lord, master | dominate, dominion
duco [L]; lead | abduct, introduce
fido [L]; to trust, believe | confide, infidel
fundo, fusum [L];pour, thing poured effusive, transfusion
genus [L];kind, origin | generic, congenital
holos [G]; whole | holistic, catholic
jungo [L]; join | junction, conjugal
lego, lectum [L]; read, thing read intellect, legible
locus [L]; a place | local, dislocate
loquor [L]; speak | eloquent, loquacious
medius [L]; middle | mediate, mediocrity
missio [L]; a sending | emissary, mission
Tue, 24 Oct 2023 - 14min - 276 - Etymologizing Latin's irregular verb - "fero, ferre" | suffer, proliferate, transfer, Lucifer, and more!
Transfer:
Definition: To move or convey from one place, person, or thing to another.
Etymology: From the Latin "transferre," which combines "trans" (across) and "ferre" (to carry). Latin derived this term from the Greek "pherein."
Infer:
Definition: To deduce or conclude information from evidence or reasoning.
Etymology: Derived from the Latin "inferre," which combines "in" (into) and "ferre" (to carry). The Latin term was influenced by the Greek "pherein."
Suffer:
Definition: To endure or experience pain, distress, or hardship.
Etymology: Comes from the Latin "sufferre," which combines "sub" (under) and "ferre" (to carry). The idea is carrying a burden or enduring something.
Conference:
Definition: A meeting where people gather to discuss or exchange information.
Etymology: From the Latin "conferentia," which combines "con" (together) and "ferre" (to carry). The idea is people coming together to carry or exchange ideas.
Prefer:
Definition: To choose or favor one thing over another.
Etymology: Derived from the Latin "praeferre," which combines "prae" (before) and "ferre" (to carry). It implies carrying something before others.
Reference:
Definition: A mention or citation of a source or authority in support of an argument or statement.
Etymology: From the Latin "referentia," which combines "re-" (back) and "ferre" (to carry). It means carrying something back, like information or a citation.
Ferry:
Definition: A boat or ship used to carry people and goods across a body of water.
Etymology: Derived from the Old English "ferian," which means "to carry" or "to convey." It has Germanic roots related to the Greek "pherein."
Lucifer:
Definition: A poetic term for the morning star (Venus) or the Devil (Satan).
Etymology: From Latin "lucifer," which combines "lux" (light) and "ferre" (to carry). It refers to the light-bringer or the morning star.
Sufferance:
Definition: The state of enduring pain, hardship, or inconvenience.
Etymology: Derived from "suffer" with the suffix "-ance," indicating a state or condition.
Proliferate:
Definition: To reproduce or multiply rapidly.
Etymology: From the Latin "proliferare," which combines "proles" (offspring) and "ferre" (to carry). It means to carry forth or produce offspring abundantly.
Defer:
Definition: To postpone or delay something.
Etymology: Comes from the Latin "differre," which combines "dis" (away) and "ferre" (to carry). It implies carrying something away from the current moment.
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Podcast | Latin in Layman’s - A Rhetoric Revolutionhttps://open.spotify.com/show/0EjiYFx1K4lwfykjf5jApM?si=b871da6367d74d92
Mon, 23 Oct 2023 - 11min - 275 - Latin Grammar Mini-Series | Lesson 16 - Third-Declension Adjectives
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Podcast | Latin in Layman’s - A Rhetoric Revolution https://open.spotify.com/show/0EjiYFx1K4lwfykjf5jApM?si=b871da6367d74d92
There are two important rules to remember here:
(1) Third-declension adjectives are i-stem. That means their ablative singulars will end –i, their genitive plurals will end -ium, and neuter nominative and accusative plurals will end -ia.
(2) Third-declension adjectives can be one-, two-, or three-termination.
Just like some Latin nouns, some Latin adjectives are third-declension. That is, they have third-declension endings: *, -is, -i, -em, -e, and so on. But unlike third-declension nouns, third-declension adjectives are all i-stem. They have a genitive plural ending -ium, a neuter nominative and accusative plural ending -ia, and an ablative singular ending in all genders, -i.
Here’s an example of a third-declension adjective: brevis, breve, meaning “short.”
M/F I-Stem Neuter I-Stem
brevisbrevesbrevebrevia
brevisbrevium → brevis brevium
brevibrevibusbrevibrevibus
brevembreves/-isbrevebrevia
brevebrevibusbrevibrevibus
Some third declension adjectives have two nominative singular forms, for instance, fortis, forte. Fortis is the masculine and feminine form; forte is the neuter. This is called a two-termination adjective.
Other third-declension adjectives, especially those which have -r at the end of their base, have three nominative singular forms, such as acer, acris, acre. These are called three-termination adjectives.
For any adjectives which are two-or three-termination, all you do is drop the –is from the nominative singular feminine form and you have the base.
Take, for example, the two-termination adjective fortis, forte. Fortis is the nominative singular feminine form; drop the –is and you can see that the base is fort-.
For a three-termination adjective, do the same. So, for acer, acris, acre: the nominative singular feminine form is acris; drop the –is, and you can see that the base is acr-.
For one-termination adjectives, as we just noted, the genitive singular is required. So, for instance, the base of potens is potent-, which you get when you drop the –is ending from the genitive singular form.
Let’s do an exercise where you get to practice matching third-declension adjectives with first/second-declension nouns, or nouns of any declension as a matter of fact.
First, we’ll determine the declension of the noun;
Secondly, its number, gender, and case;
Thirdly, what is the correct third-declension ending for that same number, gender, and case, then add that ending on to the base dulc- to create the proper form of dulcis that would agree with that particular noun.
Let’s start simple: puella.
What declension is it? First, of course!
And what is its case, number and gender? Nominative singular feminine.
So now let’s look on the chart. What’s the nominative singular feminine ending in third declension? It’s -is. So the proper form of dulcis that agrees with puella is dulcis. Dulcis puella, or puella dulcis ─ in either case, “sweet girl.”
Next word: corpus.
What declension and gender is it? Be careful! Not all -us forms are second declension masculine nominative singular. In case you missed it, that was a hint. It’s third declension neuter.
So what does that make its case and number? It’s nominative singular, and because it’s neuter, it’s also accusative singular.
So what is the nominative or accusative singular ending in third-declension? Look on the chart. Hello, it’s right there! Yes! It’s -e. So what would be the proper form of dulcis? That’s right, dulce. Corpus dulce, “sweet body.”
Sat, 21 Oct 2023 - 20min - 270 - Latin Grammar Mini-Series | Lesson 13 - Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns
Email: liamconnerly@gmail.com
There are four important rules to remember in this chapter:
(1) reflexives reflect the subject;
(2) reflexive forms must match the subject in person and number;
(3) English -self or -selves forms can refer to action which either affects oneself, in which case they’re reflexive, or is done in person in which case they’re intensive;
(4) English intensives tend to follow directly what they refer to; English reflexives, as a rule, never do.
Reflexive Pronouns.
Reflexive pronouns are pronouns that refer back to the subject… Let's just say English overmarks these forms. For instance, we say “I praise myself.” Think about it for a second. You don’t have to say “-self.” You can just say “I praise me,” and it means the same thing. So we overmark the reflexive by saying “myself,” when we could just say “me.” In the same way we say “You praise yourself,” you could simply say “You praise you,” and it would mean the same thing…………….. Only in the third person is the “-self” form actually required! When you think about it, in any sentence and context it is clear who “I” or “you” is, but it is not always clear who “he” is. That’s because there can be two different “he’s” being referred to, but you and I always know who we are when we’re speaking with each other.
So unlike “me” and “myself” or “you” and “yourself,” “him” and “himself” have to be differentiated, for instance, “He praises him,” meaning “The poet praises the king.” Here the “him” is non-reflexive because it is not the poet praising himself. To make the sentence reflexive, you change “him” to “himself” and you change the thought of the sentence entirely. “He praises himself” means the poet is praising the poet, not the king. The same is true of the third person plural, for example, “They praise them,” meaning “The poets are praising the kings.” There “them” is non-reflexive, but “They praise themselves” (“The poets are praising the poets”), there “themselves” is reflexive. Where English overmarks reflexives, Latin does not. There’s my long-winded explanation to further my cause in eradicating
Therefore, if reflexive pronouns reflect the subject, they can be in any of the following cases:
the genitive: “He longed for praise of himself.”
the dative: “We gave a gift to ourselves.”
the accusative: "You love yourself too much.”
and the ablative: “They can see good in themselves.”
The intensive pronoun is more complicated, and unnecessarily so, than Latin. (Ha!) English intensive pronouns use the same form as their reflexive counterparts ─ “himself,” “herself,” “itself” and so on ─ which means in English you can’t look at a pronoun that’s intensive or reflexive and tell which one it is, based only on the appearance of its form.
Consider the following: “He himself went to the forum.” What does “himself” mean here? Think about it. It means he went there in person. He didn’t send one of his slaves or one of his friends. He went there and did his business on his own. As opposed to “He went to the forum and bought food for himself.” Here “himself” is reflexive because it refers back to “he,” the subject. In other words, he did it in his own behalf.
Now consider this sentence: “You yourself praised yourself.”
The first “yourself” is intensive. “You yourself” means you did it in person.
The second “yourself” is reflexive.
“Praised yourself” means the action of praising was brought back on “you,” the subject. Note: that in English the intensive and reflexive pronoun forms are the same. They’re both “yourself.”
Sat, 30 Sep 2023 - 49min - 267 - Discussing a gamut of words derived from the Greek suffixes - "-EMIA" (ἐμός) and "-LYSIS" (λύσις)
Emails: liamconnerly@gmail.com
Anemia:
Etymology: Greek "an-" (without) + "-haima" (blood)
Origin: Greek
Definition: A condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin, leading to reduced oxygen-carrying capacity.
Leukemia:
Etymology: Greek "leukos" (white) + "-haima" (blood)
Origin: Greek
Definition: A group of blood cancers characterized by the abnormal production of white blood cells.
Hypoglycemia:
Etymology: Greek "hypo-" (under) + "glykys" (sweet) + "-haima" (blood)
Origin: Greek
Definition: A condition marked by abnormally low levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood.
Hyperglycemia:
Etymology: Greek "hyper-" (over) + "glykys" (sweet) + "-haima" (blood)
Origin: Greek
Definition: A condition characterized by abnormally high levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood.
Uremia:
Etymology: Greek "ouron" (urine) + "-haima" (blood)
Origin: Greek
Definition: A toxic condition resulting from the accumulation of waste products in the blood, typically due to kidney dysfunction.
Polycythemia:
Etymology: Greek "polys" (many) + "-kutos" (cell) + "-haima" (blood)
Origin: Greek
Definition: An increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood, often leading to thicker blood.
Bacteremia:
Etymology: Greek "bakterion" (small rod or staff, referring to bacteria) + "-haima" (blood)
Origin: Greek
Definition: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream, often indicating infection.
Septicemia:
Etymology: Greek "septikos" (putrefying) + "-haima" (blood)
Origin: Greek
Definition: A serious bloodstream infection usually caused by bacteria and their toxins.
Hematemia:
Etymology: Greek "hematos" (bloody) + "-haima" (blood)
Origin: Greek
Definition: The presence of blood in vomit.
Hydrolysis:
Etymology: Greek "hydro" (water) + "-lysis" (decomposition)
Origin: Greek
Definition: A chemical reaction in which water is used to break down a compound into its constituent parts.
Electrolysis:
Etymology: Greek "electro" (electricity) + "-lysis" (decomposition)
Origin: Greek
Definition: The process of using an electric current to drive a chemical reaction, often used for hair removal and metal purification.
Autolysis:
Etymology: Greek "auto" (self) + "-lysis" (decomposition)
Origin: Greek
Definition: The self-digestion or breakdown of cells by their own enzymes after death.
Proteolysis:
Etymology: Greek "proteo" (protein) + "-lysis" (decomposition)
Origin: Greek
Definition: The enzymatic breakdown of proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids.
Thrombolysis:
Etymology: Greek "thrombos" (clot) + "-lysis" (decomposition)
Origin: Greek
Definition: The process of dissolving a blood clot using medication or enzymes.
Photolysis:
Etymology: Greek "photo" (light) + "-lysis" (decomposition)
Origin: Greek
Definition: The breakdown of chemical compounds through the action of light.
Osmolysis:
Etymology: Greek "osmo" (push) + "-lysis" (decomposition)
Origin: Greek
Definition: The rupture or dissolution of cells due to changes in osmotic pressure.
Cytolysis:
Etymology: Greek "cyto" (cell) + "-lysis" (decomposition)
Origin: Greek
Definition: The destruction or bursting of cells, often due to osmotic imbalances.
Fibrinolysis:
Etymology: Greek "fibrin" (a protein involved in blood clotting) + "-lysis" (decomposition)
Origin: Greek
Definition: The process of breaking down fibrin clots in the bloodstream.
Necrolysis:
Etymology: Greek "nekros" (dead) + "-lysis" (decomposition)
Origin: Greek
Definition: The decomposition or disintegration of dead tissue.
Sat, 16 Sep 2023 - 34min - 266 - Latin Grammar Mini-Series | Lesson 12 - The Perfect Tense
There are three important rules to remember:
(1) The perfect tense represents action completed in the past;
(2) Latin perfect tense forms are often marked by changing the present verb base in any of the following ways: adding -v- or -s- to the end of the present verb base, lengthening the vowel of the base, and/or reduplicating the first consonant of the base;
(3) Perfect-tense verb forms in Latin have only two parts: a base and an ending.
In Latin grammar, “perfect” means literally “completed in the past.” This is the counterpart, in many ways the opposite, of the imperfect, the tense we’ve already studied which shows unfinished or incomplete action in the past. Perfect action is action that happened once and was finished, such as, “I was taking a shower” -- that’s imperfect -- “when the phone rang.” It rang once. I got out of the shower. I picked up the phone. It stopped ringing. So the action was completed in the past. That’s perfect.
The perfect tense also has another important connotation. It often represents past action that has immediate bearing on the present. For instance, “But I have done my homework, sir,” which is crypto-student code for “Stop asking me for it. Here it is,” vs. “Uh, well, I was doing my homework when umm… aliens invaded and probed my brain which is why I didn’t get it done.” “Was doing” represents action that was unfinished in the past and a perfect example of an imperfect excuse.
The prefect system in Latin includes three tenses:
the perfect
The pluperfect
The future perfect
The perfect is best represented by the English modal, or tense marker, “has” or “have,” also “did;” the pluperfect, meaning literally “more perfect,” represents an action that is past in relation to the past -- don’t panic. We’ll get to that in a second -- is the counterpart of the English tense marker “had;” and the future perfect represented by English “will have.”
PERFECTAmavi:“I have loved” Amavimus:“we have loved”
Amavisti:“you have loved” Amavistis: “y’all have loved”
Amavit: “he/she/it has loved” Amaverunt:“they have loved”
Please note that all perfect tense verbs in Latin, no matter what conjugation they belong to, form the same way: take the perfect base, add these endings, and you have any perfect-tense, finite verb in Latin. These forms can also be translated as “did” as in “I did love,” a form that is used very often in English when the speaker wants to negate the verb, as in, “I did not love.” Or another possible translation is the simple past: “I loved,” “you loved,” and so on. For right now, please don’t use that translation for the perfect tense. It can be confused with the imperfect.
When translating the perfect tense, use only “have/has” or “did.”
To form a pluperfectverb, the equivalent in English of “had,” Latin uses these endings:
-eram, -eras, -erat… Recognize these? I hope. This is the imperfect of the verb “to be” here used as an ending in the perfect system creating a finite pluperfect verb:
Amaveram:“I had loved” Amaveramus:“we had loved”
Amaveras: “you had loved” Amaveratis:“y’all had loved”
Amaverat:“he/she/it had loved”Amaverant: “theyhad loved”
Finally the third of the perfect tenses, the future perfect, is formed by taking the perfect base and adding the endings -ero, -eris, -erit, -erimus, -eritis, -erint. It looks a lot like the future of the verb “to be” but there’s one big change: it’s not -erunt in the third-person plural but -erint.
To form a full finite verb in the future-perfect tense, take the base and add the future perfect endings we just recited so the future-perfect of the verb amo would be:
Amavero: “I will have loved” Amaverimus: “we will have loved”
Amaveris: “you will have loved” Amaveritis: “y’all will have loved”
Amaverit: “he/she/it will have loved” Amaverint: “they will have loved”
emails: liamconnerly@gmail.com
Sun, 10 Sep 2023 - 26min - 264 - Latin Grammar Mini-Series | Lesson 11 - Pronouns
“Personal” in grammar means “relating to person,” that is, first, second, or third person. In English, those persons are represented by pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, ya’ll, they. These MUST look familiar as they are forms we’ve already studied in relation to verbs. Now we’ll look at them independently as pronouns. So, how does Latin treat these forms, not as verb endings but as nouns? There is a caveat: they decline through cases as nouns do in Latin, so you have more to memorize.
Remember how we studied that “boy” in Latin goes puer, nominative singular (subject); pueri, genitive singular, “of the boy;” puero, dative singular, “to/for the boy.” Of course you remember that!
Now we’re going to study the Latin equivalent of the pronoun “I” and its comrades do the same ─ in other words, the way Latin says: nominative “I,” genitive “of me,” dative “to me,” and so on; and its second-person counterpart: “you,” “of you,” “to you;” and the third person: “he,” “she,” “it,” “his,” “hers,” “its,” and so on, along with their plural counterparts.
But why would Latin have a nominative singular for “I” and “you” at all. Aren’t those pronouns embedded in the verb? Why would you need to say ego, when amo and video by their very nature indicate first person singular?
These pronoun forms like ego and tu are emphatic. In other words, they’re used to emphasize the subject, not explain what the subject is the way nominative personal pronouns function in English.
In English we have to say “we” if we want to indicate that “we” is the subject, right? But that same information is embedded in every Latin finite verb, that why, in a sentence, if there is no clear Nominative subject, we look to the verb to supply our subject (i.e. “I”, “you”, etc.). So the Romans didn’t use their nominative personal pronouns to explain what the subject is; rather, they used them to emphasize it.
For instance, if we said in Latin tune amas? “Are you in love?” In this case, the Latin speaker would be emphasizing the subject, “you,” by including the Latin nominative personal pronoun tu.
I can’t leave ego and tu without talking a little linguistics. If linguistics bores you, stick your fingers in your ears for the next two minutes. Because personal pronouns are commonly used forms in Indo-European languages, they reveal some interesting features of the evolution of those daughter languages which developed out of the mother tongue that Latin and English share: Proto-Indo-European. Originally, the Latin word ego and the English word “I” were the same word. Both evolved from a form that looked like ego ─ so Latin actually changed the form of this pronoun very little ─ but in English the inherited -g- transformed at some point into a /kh/ sound. This ended up as a form that sounded like /ik/ which is still the Dutch word for “I,” cf. German ich. English eventually dropped the -k-, lengthened the i-, and we ended up with our first-person singular personal pronoun. The same interchange between -c- and -g- can be seen in our word “cold” and the Latin word gelidus, both from an Indo-European base that means “frozen.” Also, English “kin” and Latin gens come from a single Indo-European word that meant “family.” A comparable pattern of change explains tu in Latin and “thou,” the archaic English form of “you.” Indo-European t- remained as t- in Latin, but in English it evolved into th- ─ thus, tu and “thou.” They were once the same word. You can see the same pattern in the word for “mother:” Latin has mater, English has “mother.” Likewise, the word for “tooth,” where Latin has dentes, English has “teeth.”
Sat, 02 Sep 2023 - 41min - 263 - Mr. Brown's Science Terms, Etymologized! (Unus ex pluribus venire!)
Acceleration – the change in velocity over time
Acceleration: The term "acceleration" comes from the Latin word "acceleratio," which means "a hastening." The concept of acceleration as the rate of change of velocity over time was formulated in the context of classical mechanics by Isaac Newton. Newton's second law of motion relates force to acceleration and mass, providing a foundational understanding of how objects change their motion when subjected to forces.
Average speed – the total distance traveled by an object, divided by the total time it took the object to travel that distance
Average Speed: "Speed" itself originates from the Old English word "spēd," meaning "success, prosperity, good fortune." The concept of average speed has been used for centuries, but its formalization as a mathematical concept likely emerged as a part of the development of classical mechanics during the Renaissance, building on the works of scientists like Galileo and Kepler.
Bias – a leaning in one direction or another away from the truth due to an error in design, measurement, or analysis
Bias: "Bias" has its origins in the Old French word "biais," meaning "slant, slope." It evolved to connote a particular inclination or prejudice. In a scientific context, the term likely gained prominence with the rise of experimental methodologies and the recognition of errors or influences that could skew results.
Centripetal acceleration – anything moving in circular motion
Centripetal Acceleration: "Centripetal" comes from the Latin words "centrum" (center) and "petere" (to seek or strive for). The concept of centripetal acceleration was developed as part of the study of circular motion and orbits. It was formalized in the works of Johannes Kepler and Isaac Newton, who showed that a force directed toward the center of a circle (centripetal force) is required to keep an object in uniform circular motion.
Distance – how far something has traveled
Distance: "Distance" originates from the Latin word "distantia," meaning "a standing apart." The concept of measuring distance has ancient roots, going back to human's need to navigate and understand their surroundings. Early civilizations developed various units of measurement for distance, which eventually contributed to the modern metric and imperial systems.
Motion – when an object changes position over time relative to a reference point, or a reference direction
Motion: "Motion" traces its roots to the Latin word "motio," meaning "a moving." The study of motion dates back to ancient Greece, with philosophers like Aristotle pondering the nature of motion. However, it was Galileo and later Isaac Newton who laid the groundwork for a systematic understanding of motion and its relationship to forces.
Procedure – a step-by-step description of how to conduct an experiment
Procedure: "Procedure" comes from the Latin word "procedere," meaning "to go forward." In the context of scientific experimentation, the term gained prominence with the development of formalized scientific methodologies, particularly during the Renaissance and the Enlightenment.
Time – how long something takes
Time: "Time" is a concept deeply ingrained in human culture and language. Its measurement and understanding have evolved across civilizations, with advancements in timekeeping devices and the development of precise methods for measuring time intervals, culminating in the modern concept of time as a fundamental dimension.
Unit – describes what is being measured (e.g. meter, second, gram)
Unit: The concept of measurement units has evolved over millennia, with various cultures developing their own systems. Modern scientific measurement units, such as the metric system, have their roots in the Renaissance and Enlightenment periods when efforts to standardize measurements gained traction.
Vector – a measurement that includes a magnitude (a number) and a direction
Vector: "Vector" comes from the Latin word "vehere," meaning "to carry."
Sat, 26 Aug 2023 - 32min - 262 - Etymologizing Astronomic terms and disciplines associated along with their scientific and etymological definitions
Physics:
Scientific Definition: The study of matter, energy, and the fundamental forces that govern their interactions.
Etymology: From Greek "physis" (nature) and "ikos" (related to), meaning related to nature.
Chemistry:
Scientific Definition: The study of the properties, composition, and behavior of matter.
Etymology: From Arabic "al-kīmiyā" and Greek "khemeia" (transmutation), referring to the ancient practice of transmuting base metals into gold.
Biology:
Scientific Definition: The study of living organisms and their interactions with each other and their environment.
Etymology: From Greek "bios" (life) and "logia" (study), meaning the study of life.
Geology:
Scientific Definition: The study of the Earth's physical structure, composition, and history.
Etymology: From Greek "ge" (earth) and "logia" (study), meaning the study of the Earth.
Astronomy:
Scientific Definition: The study of celestial objects, space, and the universe as a whole.
Etymology: From Greek "astron" (star) and "nomos" (law), meaning the laws of the stars.
Astrophysics:
Scientific Definition: The branch of astronomy that deals with the physical properties and interactions of celestial objects and phenomena.
Etymology: "Astro" from Greek "astron" (star) + "physics" from Latin "physica" (natural things),
meaning natural things related to stars.
Cosmology:
Scientific Definition: The study of the origin, evolution, and large-scale structure of the universe.
Etymology: From Greek "kosmos" (world, universe) and "logia" (study), meaning the study of the universe.
Quantum Mechanics:
Scientific Definition: The branch of physics that deals with the behavior of very small particles and the interactions of matter and energy at the quantum level.
Etymology: "Quantum" from Latin "quantus" (how much) + "mechanics" from Greek "mekhanē" (machine), meaning how much machine-like behavior.
Relativity:
Scientific Definition: Einstein's theory that describes the relationships between space, time, and gravity, including special and general relativity.
Etymology: From Latin "relativus" (having relation or reference) and "relatus" (carried back), indicating a sense of comparison.
Astrolabe:
Scientific Definition: An ancient instrument used to measure the position of celestial objects and determine latitude.
Etymology: From Greek "astron" (star) and "lambanein" (to take), meaning to take the stars.
Celestial Sphere:
Scientific Definition: An imaginary sphere with Earth at its center, used to model the apparent positions of celestial objects.
Etymology: "Celestial" from Latin "caelum" (sky) + "sphere" from Greek "sphaira" (ball), meaning sky ball.
Equinox:
Scientific Definition: The two points in the year when the day and night are approximately equal in length.
Etymology: From Latin "aequus" (equal) + "nox" (night), meaning equal night.
Solstice:
Scientific Definition: The two points in the year when the sun reaches its highest or lowest point in the sky at noon, marking the longest and shortest days.
Etymology: From Latin "solstitium" (sun-stopping), referring to the sun appearing to stop and change direction during these points.
Eclipse:
Scientific Definition: The obscuring of one celestial body by another, such as a solar or lunar eclipse.
Etymology: From Greek "ekleipsis" (abandonment) and "ekleipein" (to leave out), referring to the temporary disappearance of a celestial body.
Gravity:
Scientific Definition: The force of attraction between objects with mass, responsible for the motion of planets and other celestial bodies.
Etymology: From Latin "gravitas" (weight) and "gravis" (heavy), referring to the weightiness of objects.
Planet:
Scientific Definition: A celestial body that orbits a star, is spherical in shape, and has cleared its orbit of other debris.
Etymology: From Greek "planētēs" (wanderer), as planets were observed to move against the fixed backdrop of stars.
Sun, 20 Aug 2023 - 27min - 261 - Etymologizing "Bro-Science," while entertaining Exercise, Physiology and Kinesiology NOMENclature
Anatomy:
Scientific Definition: The study of the structure and organization of living organisms.
Etymology: From Greek "anatome" (ana - up, tome - cutting), referring to the dissection or cutting up of organisms for study.
Physiology:
Scientific Definition: The study of how living organisms function and the mechanisms that drive their bodily processes.
Etymology: From Greek "physis" (nature) and "logia" (study), meaning the study of nature.
Kinesiology:
Scientific Definition: The study of human movement, including the mechanics, muscular function, and coordination involved in movement.
Etymology: From Greek "kinesis" (movement) and "logia" (study), meaning the study of movement.
Biomechanics:
Scientific Definition: The study of mechanical principles applied to living organisms and their movement.
Etymology: From Greek "bios" (life) and "mēkhanē" (machine), meaning the study of the mechanical aspects of life.
Muscle Contraction:
Scientific Definition: The process by which muscle fibers generate force and shorten in length.
Etymology: "Muscle" comes from Latin "musculus" (little mouse) due to the visual similarity of muscles under the skin to moving mice.
Isometric Exercise:
Scientific Definition: Muscle contraction without a change in muscle length or joint angle.
Etymology: "Iso" from Greek (equal) + "metric" from Greek "metron" (measure), meaning equal measurement.
Isotonic Exercise:
Scientific Definition: Muscle contraction with a change in muscle length and constant tension.
Etymology: "Iso" (equal) + "tonic" from Greek "tonos" (tension), meaning equal tension.
Hypertrophy:
Scientific Definition: The enlargement of muscle fibers due to increased protein synthesis.
Etymology: From Greek "hyper" (over) + "trophia" (nourishment), meaning excessive nourishment.
Atrophy:
Scientific Definition: The wasting away or reduction in size of muscle tissue due to disuse or disease.
Etymology: From Greek "a" (without) + "trophe" (nourishment), meaning without nourishment.
Aerobic Exercise:
Scientific Definition: Physical activity that requires oxygen for energy production over an extended period.
Etymology: "Aero" from Greek "aēr" (air) + "bios" (life), meaning life with air.
Anaerobic Exercise:
Scientific Definition: Physical activity that does not heavily rely on oxygen for energy production.
Etymology: "Ana" from Greek "an" (without) + "aēr" (air), meaning without air.
Cardiovascular System:
Scientific Definition: The system responsible for circulating blood throughout the body, including the heart and blood vessels.
Etymology: "Cardio" from Greek "kardia" (heart) + "vascular" from Latin "vasculum" (small vessel), meaning heart and vessels.
Skeletal Muscle:
Scientific Definition: Muscles attached to bones that allow for movement through contraction.
Etymology: "Skeletal" from Latin "sceletus" (skeleton) + "muscle" as mentioned earlier.
Flexion:
Scientific Definition: Decreasing the angle between two body parts.
Etymology: From Latin "flectere" (to bend).
Extension:
Scientific Definition: Increasing the angle between two body parts.
Etymology: From Latin "extendere" (to stretch out).
Agonist:
Scientific Definition: The muscle primarily responsible for a specific movement.
Etymology: From Greek "agonistes" (combatant), referring to someone competing in a contest.
Antagonist:
Scientific Definition: The muscle that opposes the action of the agonist.
Etymology: From Greek "antagonistes" (opponent), referring to someone opposing in a contest.
Proprioception:
Scientific Definition: The sense of the position and movement of the body.
Etymology: "Proprio" from Latin "proprius" (one's own) + "ception" from Latin "capere" (to take), meaning taking hold of one's own.
Sat, 19 Aug 2023 - 39min - 260 - Extrapolating Latin and Greek roots in our modern vernacularSun, 13 Aug 2023 - 19min
- 259 - Mathematics in Language - From Euclidean to Fractals to Calculus
1. Abelian Group:
Actual Definition: An Abelian group, named after Niels Henrik Abel, is a group in which the binary operation is commutative, meaning that for all elements a and b in the group, a * b = b * a.
Etymological Definition and Derivation: The term "Abelian" pays homage to the Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel, who made significant contributions to the theory of equations and group theory. The word "Abelian" is derived from the Latin word "Abelius," signifying Abel's enduring legacy.
2. Euclidean Geometry:
Actual Definition: Euclidean geometry, introduced by the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid, is a branch of mathematics that deals with properties, relationships, and measurements of points, lines, angles, and surfaces in the plane and space, based on Euclid's five postulates.
Etymological Definition and Derivation: "Euclidean" honors the legendary Greek mathematician Euclid, a beacon of geometrical elucidation. Rooted in the Greek term "Euclides," it resonates with the man's enduring dedication to the exploration of space.
3. Calculus:
Actual Definition: Calculus is a branch of mathematics that explores the concepts of limits, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series, enabling the analysis of change and accumulation in various contexts.
Etymological Definition and Derivation: "Calculus" emerges from the Latin "calculus," a diminutive of "calx," meaning a small stone used in counting and calculations. It was birthed by minds like Newton and Leibniz, who sculpted this art of calculation to harness the elusive infinitesimal.
4. Topology:
Actual Definition: Topology is a field of mathematics that examines the properties of space that are preserved under continuous deformations, including concepts like continuity, convergence, compactness, and connectedness.
Etymological Definition and Derivation: "Topology" emerges from the Greek roots "topos" (place) and "logos" (study), a testament to the exploration of spatial relations. Its true essence resides in the intimate scrutiny of shapes' essence beyond rigid measurements.
5. Eigenvalue:
Actual Definition: In linear algebra, an eigenvalue of a matrix represents a scalar value that characterizes how a matrix transforms a vector, with the vector only scaling by the eigenvalue during the transformation.
Etymological Definition and Derivation: "Eigenvalue" springs from the German "eigen," meaning inherent or characteristic, and "value." It encapsulates the distinct nature of values that a matrix uniquely possesses, much like a signature of its intrinsic behavior.
6. Homomorphism:
Actual Definition: A homomorphism is a structure-preserving map between two algebraic structures, such as groups, rings, or vector spaces, that preserves the operations and relationships between elements.
Etymological Definition and Derivation: "Homomorphism" finds its roots in the Greek "homos" (same) and "morphē" (form). This term embodies the lofty concept of maintaining similarity, preserving the integrity of structures across mathematical realms.
7. Fractal:
Actual Definition: A fractal is a complex geometric shape or pattern that displays self-similarity at various scales, exhibiting intricate detail regardless of the level of magnification.
Etymological Definition and Derivation: "Fractal" derives from the Latin "fractus," meaning broken or fractured. Coined by Benoît B. Mandelbrot, this term encapsulates the enigmatic beauty of structures that break free from the linear constraints of Euclidean space.
Sat, 12 Aug 2023 - 16min - 258 - Latin Grammar Mini-Series | Lesson 10 - Third-io and Fourth Conjugation Verbs
There are three important rules to remember:
(1) the// thematic vowel in fourth conjugation is -i-;
(2) the future tense sign in fourth conjugation is -e- and;
(3) the third-io conjugation resembles fourth conjugation more than third.
The formation of the present tense in fourth conjugation follows the same pattern as the other conjugations: a fourth-conjugation verb base is added a thematic vowel, in this case -i-, and onto that are appended personal endings. Those personal endings are the same we’ve seen in the other conjugations. Though the thematic vowel in fourth conjugation often shows up as a long -ī, nowhere is the long mark mandatory because it does not distinguish one form from another.
The translation of the present tense in fourth conjugation should pose no challenges. It follows the same pattern as the other conjugations:
“I come”
“I do come”
“I am coming,” etc.
The imperfect tense in fourth conjugation presents few surprises, too. It uses the tense marker - ba- just like the other conjugations, and to that adds personal endings. The only irregularity of any sort is that fourth conjugation uses a double thematic vowel, -ie-, in the imperfect, but that hardly counts as a surprise given how strong the presence of -i- is at the end of the base in fourth conjugation. Thus, the imperfect in fourth conjugation follows along the lines of
Veniebam (“I was coming,” “I used to come,” “I kept on coming”)
Veniebas (“You were coming”)
Veniebat (He, She, It was coming), etc.
The translation of the imperfect tense in fourth conjugation is also exactly what you would expect from the other conjugations, as you can see.
As for the future, it uses the same tense sign as third conjugation (-e-) and even has the same irregularity in the first person singular where the -e- is replaced with an -a-. However, unlike in third conjugation, the thematic vowel is never lost, resulting in forms like:
Veniam
Venies
Veniet
The other forms in fourth conjugation follow predictable patterns, too.
The imperative mood uses the verb base to which it adds the thematic vowel -i- and no ending to form the singular. The plural uses the ending -te, rendering forms like veni and venite, meaning “come!,” singular and plural.
The fifth and final conjugation in Latin looks on the surface like it’s a blend of third- and fourth conjugation forms. Therefore, it’s called “third-io”. That’s because the first principal part ends -io, as if it were fourth-conjugation, but doesn’t have an -ire infinitive the way fourth-conjugation verbs do, but an -ere infinitive the way third-conjugation verbs do.
So it’s third because of its infinitive, and -io because of its first principal part. Here are three examples of third-conjugation -io verbs:
facio, facere
fugio, fugere
capio, capere.
But in the third-io conjugation, the balance between third- and fourth-conjugation forms is nowhere near to even. There are far more forms that appear to be fourth-conjugation than third. Let’s look at “fugio”. You can see that it follows the same general pattern as the other conjugations: base plus thematic vowel plus personal endings:
Fugio
Fugis
Fugit, etc.
The dominance of the -i- thematic vowel makes this conjugation look a lot like fourth, especially since the -i- rarely contracts into other forms. The translation of third-io conjugation verbs in the present tense follows exactly the same pattern as the other conjugations, for example: “I flee,” “I do flee,” “I am fleeing.”
The imperfect tense, where the -ba- tense sign, -ie- double thematic vowel like fourth conjugation, translates “was,” “used to,” “kept on.”
Now, the future. Maybe this will be exciting! Look at it: -e- future tense marker, -a- in the first person singular, no thematic vowel -i- lost, translates “will,” “will be.”
Wed, 19 Jul 2023 - 13min - 256 - All about the Gastrointestinal System - Understanding and etymologizing conditions, pathologies, diseases, and afflictions associated with
- Acid reflux; Backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus; Refluxus = a flowing back; Latin Appendicitis; Inflammation of the appendix; Appendix = a small, finger-shaped pouch; Latin Barrett's esophagus; A condition in which the lining of the esophagus changes from normal squamous cells to columnar cells; Barrett = named after Norman Barrett, the British doctor who first described the condition; English Celiac disease; An autoimmune disorder that damages the small intestine when gluten is eaten; Celiacus = of the abdomen; Latin Constipation; Difficulty passing stool; Constipatio = a stopping up; Latin Colitis; Inflammation of the colon; Colon = large intestine; Latin Crohn's disease; A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the digestive tract; Crohn = named after Burrill Crohn, the American doctor who first described the condition; English Diarrhea; Frequent, loose, watery stools; Dia = through, throughly; Greek Diverticulosis; The presence of small pouches (diverticula) in the wall of the colon Diverticulum = a small sac or pouch; Latin Dyspepsia; Indigestion; Dys = bad, difficult; Greek Esophagitis; Inflammation of the esophagus; Oesophagus = gullet; Greek Gallstones; Hard deposits that form in the gallbladder; Gall = bile; Latin Gastritis; Inflammation of the stomach lining; Gaster = stomach; Greek Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD); A condition in which stomach acid backs up into the esophagus; Gastro = stomach; Greek Hemorrhoids; Enlarged veins in the rectum or anus; Haemorrhoida = a bursting forth of blood; Greek Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS); A chronic disorder that affects the large intestine; Irritabilis = easily irritated; Latin Ulcerative colitis; A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the colon; Ulcer = an open sore; Latin
Tue, 11 Jul 2023 - 28min - 255 - Understanding and etymologizing the bones of the face and head
Frontal bone (Latin: os frontale) - This is the bone that forms the forehead and the roof of the orbits. The word "frontal" comes from the Latin word "frons," which means "forehead."
Parietal bones (Latin: ossa parietalia) - These are the two bones that form the sides and top of the skull. The word "parietal" comes from the Latin word "paries," which means "wall."
Temporal bones (Latin: ossa temporalia) - These are the bones that form the sides and base of the skull. They contain the middle ear and the temporalis muscle. The word "temporal" comes from the Latin word "tempus," which means "time."
Occipital bone (Latin: os occipitale) - This is the bone that forms the back of the skull and the base of the foramen magnum, which is the opening through which the spinal cord passes. The word "occipital" comes from the Latin word "occeps," which means "back of the head."
Sphenoid bone (Greek: σφηνοειδές, sphēnoeidēs) - This is a complex bone that forms the middle of the skull. It contains the sella turcica, which is the depression that houses the pituitary gland. The word "sphenoid" comes from the Greek word "σφηνός," sphênos, which means "wedge."
Ethmoid bone (Greek: ἔθμον, ethmos) - This is a small bone that forms the roof of the nasal cavity and the floor of the anterior cranial fossa. The word "ethmoid" comes from the Greek word "ἔθμος," ethmos, which means "sieve."
Zygomatic bones (Greek: ζυγοειδής, zygoeidēs) - These are the two bones that form the prominence of the cheeks. The word "zygomatic" comes from the Greek word "ζυγον," zygon, which means "yoke."
Maxillae (Latin: maxillae) - These are the two bones that form the upper jaw and contain the upper teeth. The word "maxillae" comes from the Latin word "maxilla," which means "jaw."
Mandible (Latin: mandibula) - This is the largest bone in the face. It forms the lower jaw and contains the lower teeth. The word "mandible" comes from the Latin word "mandere," which means "to chew."
Tue, 11 Jul 2023 - 18min - 254 - Latin Grammar Mini-Series | Lesson 9 - Understanding Demonstrative Pronouns and what they really are?
Demonstrative pronouns, like English words “this” and “that,” point at something. They’re often used as adjectives, as in, “this book” or “that tree.” In English, demonstrative pronouns take a different form in the plural:
“this” becomes “these,” and
“that” becomes “those” ─ making them one of the few English adjective forms which are different in the singular and plural.
Though they are at heart adjectives, because they so often stand alone, it’s almost better to consider them pronouns. For those of us that need a refresher, a pronoun is a part of speech. It’s usually a small word which represents and stands in place of a noun, for instance, “We were looking for a new house to buy and we found it.” “It” represents and stands in place of the “new house.” Pronouns are some of the most useful forms in language. They allow us not to have to repeat a noun every time we want to mention it.
Demonstratives can function as pronouns as well as adjectives. So, for instance, you can say:
“Let’s move there. That’s a good idea.”
In the second sentence the demonstrative form “that” functions as a pronoun, because it represents and stands in place of the idea of moving “there.” So demonstratives can serve as either adjectives when they modify a noun, or pronouns when they stand alone. Here’s one idea expressed both ways: “I like that thing,” where “that” is an adjective modifying “thing” ─ or you can just say, “I like that,” in which case “that” is a pronoun representing and standing in place of “that thing.”
If you haven’t seen this already for yourself, another way to look at this pronoun usage is that the demonstrative pronoun is serving as a substantive, as I’m sure you remember it being an adjective which functions as a noun. And do you remember where Latin substantives get their substance? That’s right, from their gender. English pronouns are the only place where there’s anything corresponding to that practice in our language.
Our pronouns are, in fact, archaic forms retaining grammatical information which our nouns and adjectives have long lost, for instance: gender: “he,” “she,” “it”; number: “I” vs. “we,” “you” vs. “y’all,” “he, she, or it” vs. “they”; and even … case: “he” is nominative, “his” is genitive, “him” is accusative; “she” is nominative, “her” is genitive and accusative; “it” is nominative and accusative, “its” genitive. There’s a fascinating detail here. Notice that “he” has an accusative form “him,” “she” has an accusative form “her,” but “it” does not have a distinctive accusative form. “It” serves as both the nominative and accusative, and that’s because neuter nominatives and accusatives are always the same. Just like Latin, English is an Indo-European language, so it inherited the same tendencies Latin did. And that’s why English doesn’t have a special neuter accusative form!
Singular Plural
hic, haec, hoc; hi, hae, haec;
huius, huius, huius; horum, harum, horum;
huic, huic, huic; his, his, his;
hunc, hanc, hoc; hos, has, haec;
hōc, hac, hōc. his, his, his.
Closely related to but meaning the opposite of hic is ille, illa, illud, meaning “that” or “those.” As a pronoun, it shares many features with hic.:
Singular Plural
ille, illa, illud; illi, illae, illa;
illius, illius, illius; illorum, illarum, illorum
illi, illi, illi; illis, illis, illis;
illum, illam, illud; illos, illas, illa;
illo, illā, illo illis, illis, illis.
Mon, 10 Jul 2023 - 20min - 253 - Latin Grammar Mini-Series | Lesson 8 - Understanding the Third Conjugation and all of it's dumb irregularities
Here are two important rules for you to remember:
(1) the thematic vowel in third conjugation is a short vowel; it appears as -i- or -u- in the present and -e- in the imperfect
(2) The tense sign for the future in third conjugation is -e-; the future tense in third conjugation uses no thematic vowel
Third conjugation has the most number of irregularities of the four conjugations in Latin. Here is an example of a third-conjugation verb, scribo, which means “write,” conjugated in the present tense:
1) Scribo Scribimus
2) Scribis Scribitis
3) Scribit Scribunt
Notice that the formation of the present tense in third conjugation follows a pattern similar to that seen in first and second conjugation.
Take a third-conjugation verb base
add a thematic vowel (Which will be fairly irregular in this conjugation)
and to that, append personal endings.
Note: the personal endings are the same as those in first and second conjugation. But unlike the -a- which dominates first conjugation or the strong -e- which dominates second, third uses a short vowel which readily changes form as it encounters different consonants. Here are somethings to consider and think about:
So, like we see, it will appear as -i- in the second person and third person singular and the first and second person plural.
In the third person plural it appears as -u- and in the first person singular there is no thematic vowel, the same way the -a- in first conjugation disappears in forms like laudo or amo.
The translation of third-conjugation verbs differs in no way from verbs in first and second conjugation. So there’s no point in rehearsing what you already know. Scribo, for instance, would translate as “I write,” “I am writing,” “I do write;” the other persons and numbers would follow suite within the same paradigm.
Imperfect
As for the imperfect tense in third conjugation poses even fewer problems than the present. Just like in first and second conjugation, it uses -ba- as the marker for the imperfect. Thus the imperfect of scribo goes: scribebam, scribebas, etc.
Note that unlike in the present the thematic vowel in the imperfect is -e-. The imperfect tense in third conjugation translates the same way it does in first and second; it denotes an incomplete or repeated action in the past. And therefore scribebam translates as “I was writing,” “I used to write,” “I kept on writing.”
Future
Unlike the -bo, -bis, -bit business you are used to from first and second conjugation, third conjugation uses -e- as its future tense marker. This -e- which is easily confused with the second conjugation thematic vowel will present manifold challenges and only goes to demonstrate how important it is to distinguish between second- and third-conjugation verbs.
To make matters only worse, the -e- isn’t used universally. In the first person singular, the future tense marker is -a- rendering a conjugation that looks like:
scribam “I will write,”
scribes “you will write,”
scribet “he will write,” and so on...
And even worse yet, note that this tense marker eats up the thematic vowel. So there’s no thematic vowel at all in third-conjugation future.
But a thematic vowel returns in the imperative mood. The imperative singular in third conjugation uses -e-. So for instance, the imperative singular of scribo is scribe (with a short ĕ) meaning “Write!” But just to be perverse as far as I can tell, the plural uses -i- plus -te the ending you would expect from first and second conjugation, producing scribite, “Y’all write!”
Sun, 09 Jul 2023 - 17min - 252 - Discussing the scientific names of specific muscles in the human body, the etymology and Latin embedded within each, their origins and insertions, and their anatomical functionsAbductor pollicis brevis; Latin for "short abductor of the thumb", Lateral surface of the radius, Base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb, Abducts the thumb Abductor pollicis longus, Latin for "long abductor of the thumb", Lateral surface of the ulna, Base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb, Abducts the thumb Adductor brevis; Latin for "short adductor", Pubis, Medial side of the first metacarpal bone, Adducts the thumb Adductor hallucis; Latin for "adductor of the big toe", Pubis, ischium, and femur, Base of the proximal phalanx of the big toe, Adducts the big toe Adductor longus; Latin for "long adductor" Pubis Medial side of the shaft of the femur Adducts the thigh Adductor magnus; Latin for "great adductor", Pubis, ischium, and femur, Medial side of the shaft of the femur, Adducts the thigh Biceps brachii; Latin for "two-headed muscle of the arm", Coracoid process of the scapula and supraglenoid tubercle of the humerus, Radius and bicipital aponeurosis, Flexes the forearm and supinates the forearm Brachialis; Latin for "muscle of the arm", Anterior surface of the humerus, Coronoid process of the ulna, Flexes the forearm Bregmaticus; Latin for "pertaining to the bregma", Frontal bone Skin of the forehead, Elevates the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead Frontalis Carpometacarpales; Latin for "carpal and metacarpal", Several muscles, Carpal bones and metacarpal bones, Flex, extend, abduct, and adduct the fingers Deltoid; Greek for "triangular", Lateral third of the clavicle, acromion process of the scapula, and spine of the scapula, Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus Abducts the arm Erector spinae; Latin for "erector of the spine", Several muscles, Vertebral column Extends and rotates the spine Flexor carpi radialis; Latin for "flexor of the wrist", Medial epicondyle of the humerus, Base of the second metacarpal bone, Flexes the wrist Flexor carpi ulnaris; Latin for "flexor of the wrist", Ulna, Pisiform bone, Flexes the wrist and ulnar deviates the hand, Flexor digitorum profundus; Latin for "deep flexor of the fingers", Ulna and radius, Base of the distal phalanges of the fingers, Flexes the fingers Flexor digitorum superficialis; Latin for "superficial flexor of the fingers", Middle phalanges of the fingers, Base of the middle phalanges of the fingers, Flexes the fingers Flexor hallucis longus; Latin for "long flexor of the big toe", Tibia and fibula, Base of the distal phalanx of the big toe, Flexes the big toeSat, 08 Jul 2023 - 38min
- 251 - (A shorter) Q&A - Addressing questions regarding Glyphosate, optimized health, my tattoos, and our state of the world (financially)
Questions Addressed:
What is glyphosate?stepsonsteps
What is the best diet in order to optimize your health? I know you seem to still be on your journey, but do you have any tips? Thanks in advance!bubadub
Why do you cover your tattoos so often when teaching? Are you not allowed to show? Do you not like your tattoos?qwertyuiop
How is hyperpalatable food affecting our modern and younger generations?Email me if you have a question that could be addressed in a future Q&A! liamconnerly@gmail.com OR latininlaymans@gmail.com
Thu, 06 Jul 2023 - 46min - 250 - Latin Grammar Mini-Series | Lesson 7 - Understanding and "fleshing-out" the Third Declension in Latin
Third declension is Latin’s “catch-all” category for nouns. Into it have been put all nouns whose bases end with consonants -- yep, any consonant! That makes third declension very different from first and second declension. First declension, as you’ll remember, is dominated by a-stem nouns like femina and cura. Second declension is dominated by o- or u-stem nouns like amicus or oculus. Because of those vowels, we are given a bit of consistency within those declensions… The same is not true of third declension where one form, the nominative singular, is affected by the fact that its ending -s runs into the wide variety of consonants found at the ends of the bases of third-declension nouns, and the collision of those consonants causes irregular forms to appear in the nominative singular.
That’s the (malus) bad news.
The (bonus) good news is that only one case and number is affected by this, the nominative singular.
All the other case endings begin with vowels, and consonants-running-into-vowels does not create the same kind of problem that consonants-running-into-consonants does.
Thus, after the nominative singular, third-declension forms are regular and predictable.(Yay!)
Let’s look at some patterns that are useful in helping you memorize irregular third declension nominative singular forms.
If a base ends in -g- or -c-, when it’s combined with a nominative singular ending -s, normally the nominative singular ending will appear as -x, such as rex, regis, meaning “king” or lex, legis, meaning “law,” pax, pacis, meaning “peace,” vox, vocis, meaning “voice,” dux, ducis, meaning “leader,” and lux, lucis, meaning “light.”
If the base ends in -t-, -nt-, or -d- and runs into the -s, most often what will happen is the nominative singular will end in -s, sometimes -ns, such as virtus, virtutis, meaning “courage,” civitas, civitatis, meaning “state,” salus, salutis, meaning “health,” and laus, laudis, meaning “praise.”
If the base ends in -on- or -in- and runs into the -s, it will contract down all the way to the letter -o such as: homo, hominis, meaning “human,” virgo, virginis, meaning “girl,” or the name Cicero, Ciceronis, meaning “Cicero,” the great Roman orator.
If the base ends in -r-, when -s is added, the nominative singular will be -er, as in pater, patris, meaning “father,” mater, matris, meaning “mother,” and frater, fratris, meaning “brother.” 4
If the base ends in -ar- with -s added, it will remain as -ar, as in Caesar, Caesaris, meaning “Caesar” the Roman general, or exemplar, exemplaris, meaning “example.”
If the base ends -or and is a masculine or feminine noun, with -s added it stays as -or, as in labor, laboris, meaning “work,” amor, amoris, meaning “love,” and soror, sororis, meaning "sister.” • If the word is -or or -er and is neuter, with -s added it will change to -us ─ remember there’s no ending being added here so it’s actually a different contraction from amor or labor ─ such as tempus, temporis, meaning “time,” corpus, corporis, meaning “body,” opus, operis, meaning “work,” and genus, generis, meaning “sort” or “kind.”
If the base ends in -it- and -s- is added, the result will be either -es or -ut, as in miles, militis, meaning “soldier,” or caput, capitis, meaning “head.”
If the base ends -ul or -ol and -s is added, the result is either -ul or -ol in the nominative singular, such as sol, solis, meaning “sun,” or consul, consulis, meaning “consul,” a high executive officer in Roman government. This should drive home the point that third declension is a “catch-all” category and, if all these irregularities make third declension seem overly complicated, remember that these irregularities involve only the nominative singular. If these patterns do not help you in memorizing, please feel free to ignore them.
Wed, 05 Jul 2023 - 25min - 249 - Latin Grammar Mini-Series | Lesson 6 - Sum ("I am") and Possum ("I am able") in the Present, Imperfect, Future
First Person
Sum: “I am”
Sumus: “We are”
Second Person
Es: “You (s) are”
Estis: “Y’all are/You (p) are/ You all are”
Third Person
Est: “He, She, It is”
Sunt: “They are”
Now let’s look at the imperfect tense of sum. As with the present, theimperfect-tense forms of esse are irregular. They are:
Singular
Plural
First Person
Eram: “I was”
Eramus: “We were”
Second Person
Eras: “You (s) were”
Eratis: “Y’all were/You (p) were/ You all were”
Third Person
Erat: “He, She, It was”
Erant: “They were”
Notice that all these forms have as a characteristic vowel the letter a. This is the same a that shows up in the -ba- endings of other imperfect verbs. And as with other imperfect verb forms in Latin, the imperfect of the verb “to be” carries the sense of unfinished, repeated, or habitual action in the past, producing the following translations: “I was,” “I used to be,” “I kept on being”; “you were,” “you used to be,” “you kept on being”, “he, she or it was,” … Pretty obvious.
Now let’s look at the future tense of sum which is also irregular. Its forms are:
First Person
Ero: “I will be”
Erimus: “We will be”
Second Person
Eris: “You (s) will be”
Eritis: “Y’all will be/You (p) will be/ You all will be”
Third Person
Erit: “He/She/It will be”
Erunt: “They will be”
Notice that these forms share a characteristic letter i which is also seen in the -bi- of other future-tense forms. And notice that they also share the same irregularities. The characterizing i disappears in both -bo and ero, and it changes to u in the third person plural -bunt and erunt. Also, just like other future tense forms, the future of the verb “to be” carries the sense of action subsequent to the present: “I will be,” “you will be,” “he will be…” … crazy if we recite all of these forms.
First Person
Possum: I am able
Possumus: We are able
Second Person
Potes: You are able
Potestis: Ya’ll are able
Third Person
Potest: He/She/It is able
Possunt:They are able
… and the infinitive: posse
There’s one minor irregularity here which is really not an irregularity. When “t” runs into “s” in Latin, very often the t will change to an “s” and produce the geminate consonant cluster “ss.” So *pot-sum will turn into possum, *pot-sumus will turn into possumus, *pot-sunt will turn into possunt, and *pot-esse will contract down to posse.
Here is the imperfect tense of possum. Let’s say these forms together:
First Person
Poteram: I was able
Poteramus: We were able
Second Person
Poteras: You were able
Poteratis: Y'all were able
Third Person
Poterat: He/She/It was able
Poterant: They were able
As you can see, it’s a simple compound of the prefix pot- which means “able” attached onto the imperfect tense forms of the verb “to be.” This tense translates the same way all imperfect tenses translate in Latin: “I was able,” “I could”; “you were able,” “you could”; … and so on.
Possum also has a future tense which is, as you can see, the expected combination of pot- + ero. Let’s recite this one together also:
First Person
Potero: I will be able
Poterimus: We will be able
Second Person
Poteris: You will be able
Poteritis: Ya’ll will be able
Third Person
Poterit: He/She/It will be able
Poterunt:They will be able
Let know know if y'all have any questions, comments, concerns, et cetera! Email: liamconnerly@gmail.com - latininlaymans@gmail.com Website: https://latininlaymansarhetoricrevolution.wordpress.com/
Tue, 04 Jul 2023 - 21min - 248 - Discussing interesting words (that you see everyday) and discussing their linguistic history, etymology, and actual definitions
Avocado. The word avocado comes from the Nahuatl word ahuacatl, which means "testicle." This is because the avocado fruit is shaped like a testicle. The Nahuatl word was borrowed into Spanish as aguacate, and then into English as avocado.
The word "avocado" is also interesting because it is a false cognate. A false cognate is a word that looks like it has the same meaning in two different languages, but actually has a different meaning. In this case, the Spanish word "aguacate" looks like it has the same meaning as the English word "avocado," but actually means "testicle."
Cappuccino. The word cappuccino comes from the Italian word cappuccio, which means "hood." This is because the foam on top of a cappuccino is said to resemble a monk's hood. The word cappuccino was first used in the early 1900s to describe a type of coffee drink that was made with espresso and steamed milk.
The word "cappuccino" is also interesting because it is a loanword. A loanword is a word that is borrowed from another language. In this case, the word "cappuccino" was borrowed from Italian into English.
Disaster. The word disaster comes from the Italian word disastro, which means "ill star." The word disaster is a compound word, consisting of the Latin words dis (bad) and astrum (star). This is because a disaster was originally thought to be an event that was caused by an unfavorable alignment of the stars. The word disaster was first used in English in the early 1600s.
The word "disaster" is also interesting because it has changed in meaning over time. Originally, a disaster was an event that was caused by an unfavorable alignment of the stars. However, the meaning of the word has changed over time, and now it refers to any event that causes great harm or destruction.
Handicap. The word handicap comes from the Old English word “handceaft”, which means "hand-craft." The word handicap is a compound word, consisting of the words hand (hand) and cap (to cover). This is because a handicap was originally a physical disability that prevented someone from doing something. The word handicap was first used in English in the 14th century.
Jeans. The word jeans comes from the Italian word genova, which means "Genoa." This is because jeans were originally made in Genoa, Italy. The word jeans was first used in English in the 16th century.
Salary. The word salary comes from the Latin word salarium, which means "salt money." This is because Roman soldiers were paid in salt. The word salary was first used in English in the 13th century.
Trivial. The word trivial comes from the Latin word trivium, which means "three roads." This is because a trivium was a place where three roads met, and it was often associated with unimportant things. The word trivial was first used in English in the 15th century.
Whiskey. The word whiskey comes from the Gaelic word uisce beatha, which means "water of life." This is because whiskey was originally thought to have medicinal properties. The word whiskey was first used in English in the 17th century.
Smorgasbord (from the Swedish word "smörgåsbord" meaning "bread and butter table"): This word refers to a buffet-style meal that typically features a variety of cold dishes, such as meats, cheeses, and salads. The word "smorgasbord" was first used in English in the early 1900s, and it quickly became popular as a way to describe a lavish feast.
Serf (from the Latin word "servus" meaning "slave"): This word refers to a person who is bound to the land and is not free to move about. Serfs were common in medieval Europe, and they were often treated as property by their landlords. The word "serf" is still used today, but it is typically used in a historical context.
Malaise (from the French word "malaise" meaning "illness"): This word refers to a general feeling of discomfort or unease. Malaise can be caused by a physical illness, but it can also be caused by emotional or psychological factors.
Mon, 03 Jul 2023 - 30min
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